Raising awareness about heat risks and safety measures saves lives. Homes¹ without adequate cooling can become dangerous places when temperatures are high. Heat safety outreach involves educating residents about the risks of extreme heat events and what safety measures are available. Outreach could also include the distribution of cooling kits or implementing neighbourhood support programs such as neighbour check-in initiatives.

Outreach activities increase heat resilience by ensuring heat-sensitive residents are aware of risks, prepared and able to access cooling interventions. For small and rural communities, outreach is critical because limited infrastructure, dispersed populations and fewer public services can make residents particularly vulnerable to heat exhaustion, dehydration and other heat-related illnesses.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver heat safety projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify populations most vulnerable to extreme heat in your community: Consider people with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, cancer), people with mental health conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, anxiety), older adults, people living alone, people with mobility challenges, and those with low incomes
• Leverage external networks: Partner with community centres, seniors centres, volunteer groups and other local service organizations for outreach support
• Develop a targeted communications plan for your audience: Use a variety of outreach methods like door-to-door visits, phone check-ins, flyers and social media; tap into existing networks and wellness checks that partner organizations are already doing
• Source or prepare cooling kits: Consider including water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels, educational materials and other supplies for distribution
• Monitor your reach: Establish a tracking system to monitor outreach coverage and effectiveness, adjusting as needed to target groups that may be missed

Best practices for design and delivery

• Build skills around respectful engagement: Equip outreach volunteers and staff with training to navigate equity, cultural safety and privacy of personal information; respecting privacy is especially important when developing neighbourhood check-in programs and engaging with people in their homes
• Communicate consistently across authorities: Align communications with those from regional, provincial/territorial, federal, health and emergency authorities to avoid mixed messaging
• Reach people where they are at: Locate heat information at busy public areas, like grocery stores, playgrounds, shopping centres and libraries; work with neighbourhood associations to develop check-in programs for those living alone in homes without adequate cooling

Equity and community considerations

• Consider barriers to internet access: Connect with older adults and others who may not see digital outreach by using flyers, radio and in-person engagement (e.g., home wellness checks or visits to seniors centres)
• Find trusted messengers: Connect with residents who may be distrustful of government, such as individuals with substance use issues or people who are unhoused, by partnering with support organizations who are already in contact with them; bring print communications directly to shelters and encampments
• Integrate a cultural lens: Reach multilingual and culturally diverse communities with tailored and interpreted communications; partner with trusted liaisons such as faith groups and cultural organizations

Costing and budgeting information

Costs for heat safety education and outreach can range from $10,000–$50,000 per campaign and $25–$100 per cooling kit.

Typical cost drivers include materials, advertising, staff time and training. Cost drivers for cooling kits depend on the contents of the kit (e.g., water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels, educational materials, etc.).

To help reduce overall costs:

• Partner with universities or research institutions that can provide access to expertise and technology for heat-health data collection and analysis
• Ask local businesses and residents for donations of new or unopened supplies
• Establish volunteer programs so that residents can contribute to outreach, cooling kit assembly and monitoring activities

Case studies and lessons learned

Leveraging community networks for heat safety (Melita, MB, 2010)

The Town of Melita developed a local Heat Alert and Response System (HARS) to protect residents during extreme heat events. The town engaged regional health authorities, volunteer organizations, Meals on Wheels, senior services and local emergency responders. Outreach included wellness checks by emergency medical staff, distribution of heat-health fact sheets, social media campaigns and multi-channel alerts. Volunteers assisted with water distribution, transportation to cooling locations and community education.

Lesson learned: Small rural communities can take advantage of their strong community networks and social capital to effectively implement heat safety outreach through local partners, ensuring timely communication and support for high-risk residents even when municipal resources and public cooling facilities are limited.

Fostering neighbour networks for heat preparedness (Victoria, BC, 2018)

The Connect & Prepare program, from Building Resilient Neighbourhoods, brings neighbours together in multi-unit buildings, condominiums, co-ops and single-family streets to identify shared risks, map local assets and develop community plans for emergencies, including extreme heat. Workshops use interactive games, facilitated discussions and planning exercises. Micro-grants support small-scale resilience projects such as shared emergency supplies.

Lesson learned: Proactively engaging neighbours through structured programs strengthens social connections, builds local preparedness and creates a framework for communities to act collectively during heat events.

Reaching diverse audiences with diverse heat outreach methods (Windsor–Essex, ON, 2011)

Windsor–Essex implemented a comprehensive heat risk communication campaign informed by marketing experts and community engagement. The campaign developed a “Stay Cool Windsor–Essex” logo to brand all communications. Outreach activities included pharmacy labels for people on risk-enhancing medications, colouring mats for children and fridge magnets for older adults. The campaign also included a central information hub and train-the-trainer sessions for emergency responders and community partners.

Lesson learned: Using a variety of communication channels and tailored materials ensures heat-health messaging reaches diverse audiences effectively, from children to seniors and vulnerable residents.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Heat waves and “un-natural disasters”: A tip sheet for communicators (Re.Climate) – This resource provides guidance for climate communicators on effectively conveying the risks of extreme heat events. Tips cover effective language, meaningful images, trusted frontline messengers (e.g., doctors, paramedics, nurses), and clear framing of climate context to engage the public while showing the health and safety impacts of heat waves.

Extreme heat health check tool (National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health) – This short and practical guide supports in-person or remote health checks during extreme heat events, helping communities identify and support individuals most at risk. It includes a rapid risk assessment checklist, guidance for recognizing and responding to heat-related illness, and instructions for measuring body and room temperature.

Prepare together for extreme heat guide (Building Resilient Neighbourhoods) – This practical guide for neighbours and community groups has information on how to connect, check in on one another and implement simple strategies to reduce risks during extreme heat events. It includes step-by-step instructions for organizing discussions, creating shared cooling zones, facilitating home-cooling retrofits and accessing health resources.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Shade structures
• Cooling centres

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Cooling kits: Packages containing items such as water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels and educational materials designed to help residents stay safe during extreme heat events

Extreme heat events: Periods of unusually high temperatures that pose health risks to humans, particularly for vulnerable populations

Heat alert and response system (HARS): A coordinated system used to issue alerts about extreme heat and provide support services to protect public health

Social capital: The relationships, trust and networks within a community that enable collective action and mutual support

Select resources

1. https://ncceh.ca/resources/evidence-reviews/heat-alert-and-response-systems-canada-check-preparedness#h3-13

Permeable pavements are an engineered approach to nature-based solutions. These surfaces allow stormwater to pass through the pavement into the underlying ground, reducing runoff and flood risk. They increase resilience by managing stormwater locally, improving water quality and decreasing stress on drainage infrastructure. For small and rural communities, permeable pavements provide a low-maintenance flood resilience strategy for roads, sidewalks, parking areas and public spaces.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver permeable pavement projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Assess site suitability: Consider traffic volume, presence of utilities, slope, drainage and soil infiltration rates
• Consider the appropriate pavement surface type: Select the most suitable surface out of porous asphalt, pervious concrete or permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP)
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Take protective measures during installation: Preserve surface pore space during installation by minimizing compaction and restricting traffic for 24–48 hours post-installation
• Install a defensive layer: Incorporate underdrains or liners where soils have low infiltration to protect groundwater and utilities
• Design for winter¹ climates: Apply larger aggregates in pervious concrete to reduce freeze–thaw damage in cold climates; prevent clogging by choosing clean gravel instead of sand or salt for winter conditions
• Conduct routine maintenance²: Be consistent with sweeping and vacuuming to remove surface debris, and pressure washing for persistent clogging, to maintain the integrity of the pavement

Equity and community considerations

• Design pedestrian paths and parking areas to be accessible: Avoid uneven settlement of the pavement surface and limit large gaps, using contrasting colours to facilitate access for wheelchair users and people with mobility aids
• Consider safety in design: Ensure materials offer sufficient traction to avoid slips and falls, especially for older adults and people with mobility challenges
• Prioritize installation in areas with the greatest need: Reduce flood risk and polluted runoff in neighbourhoods with inadequate or aging stormwater systems, including low-income areas experiencing disproportionate impacts.

Costing and budgeting information

Permeable pavement projects can cost $50–$150 per square metre depending on site conditions and the permeable system chosen. Additional costs can arise when deeper bases, underdrains or liners are required to meet infiltration or structural needs.

Typical cost drivers include materials, subgrade preparation, drainage design and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Prioritize small-scale pilot areas with lower costs before investing in larger deployment
• Plan for regular maintenance to prevent clogging and extend lifespan
• Enlist the help of residents and volunteer groups for routine maintenance (e.g., Adopt a Street programs), such as sweeping and removing trash and weeds

Case studies and lessons learned

Tailoring permeable pavement materials to site conditions (Vaughan, ON, 2015)

Researchers at the University of Guelph, in collaboration with the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program (STEP), monitored three permeable pavement types (pervious concrete and two types of permeable interlocking concrete pavers) in a parking lot to evaluate long-term runoff reduction, water quality improvements and thermal effects compared with traditional asphalt. Over three years, researchers assessed the performance and durability of each material under a variety of conditions, including winter weather and different maintenance practices.

The results revealed a variety of insights. For example, permeable interlocking concrete pavers require more frequent cleaning while pervious concretes may leach materials into stormwater outflow that are undesirable for aquatic ecosystems.

Lesson learned: Give careful consideration to the type of permeable pavement material selected for the project site. A thorough evaluation of the site’s drainage patterns, traffic use, surrounding vegetation, temperature extremes and cleaning practices can help communities determine the most appropriate materials for their context. This will enhance the pavement’s performance and lifespan.

Public engagement drives behavioural change for green infrastructure (Sackville, NB, 2024)

A de-paving project led by EOS Eco-Energy, a local non-profit, transformed a section of asphalt measuring 30 square metres into a permeable pavement area in a parking lot at a park. This allowed rainwater to infiltrate naturally while filtering pollutants before they could reach local waterways.

Leading up to and during the project, EOS implemented a communications strategy to educate the public and local municipalities about de-paving, stormwater management and low-impact development practices. The strategy combined media outreach, site tours, social media campaigns (#RainAsAResource) and hands-on workshops.

Lesson learned: Integrating public outreach and education into infrastructure projects can catalyze community awareness, behavioural change and adoption of green infrastructure practices, amplifying the impact of small-scale pilot projects beyond their physical footprint.

Revitalizing underused spaces through permeable surfaces (London, ON, 2024)

Fanshawe College transformed its underused Arts Courtyard by removing 118 square metres of asphalt and creating a naturalized area with permeable surfaces and native plantings, including a rain and pollinator garden. The college recycled the removed asphalt and incorporated permeable materials made from recycled tires. The project reduced runoff, improved stormwater infiltration and restored habitat for native wildlife.

Lesson learned: De-paving and greening neglected or underutilized areas can simultaneously restore natural hydrology, enhance biodiversity, and create community spaces that are accessible and functional. This demonstrates revitalization’s value in terms of both ecological and social benefits.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Permeable pavement site sustainability evaluation tool (Applied Research Associates) –This Excel-based tool helps users evaluate and rank up to six potential sites for permeable pavement based on feasibility and suitability. The tool generates scores categorizing sites as amenable, marginal or unsuitable, supporting informed decision-making for project scoping.

Design guidelines for low-impact development permeable pavement (City of Calgary) –This technical guidance document supports the design of permeable pavement systems for residential and commercial developments. Appendix A includes a detailed design checklist covering site feasibility, system selection, hydrology and structural design. Appendix B provides an example.

Stormwater manual (City of Seattle) – Appendix G of this manual provides technical guidance on inspection, maintenance and operational requirements for permeable pavement. It outlines recommended inspection frequency, common defects, maintenance triggers and expected outcomes to ensure long-term performance of permeable pavement..

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Wetland restoration or construction
• Stormwater ponds

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Aggregate: Crushed stone or gravel used in the base or surface of permeable pavements to provide structural support and facilitate water infiltration

Drainage: The controlled movement of stormwater through and away from a site, often managed through permeable pavement layers, underdrains or surface channels

Hydrology: The study of water movement, distribution and quality in a given area, including rainfall, runoff and groundwater flow

Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP): A type of pavement made of interlocking blocks with void spaces that allow water to infiltrate, often filled with gravel or soil

Permeable pavements: Engineered surfaces designed to allow stormwater to pass through, reducing runoff and flood risk while improving water quality

Pervious concrete: Concrete mix with reduced fine aggregates to create a porous matrix that allows water infiltration

Porous asphalt: Asphalt mix with reduced fine aggregates to allow water to pass through the surface into underlying layers

Runoff: Water that flows over surfaces instead of infiltrating, often carrying pollutants into stormwater systems or natural waterways

Soil infiltration rate: The speed at which water can soak into the soil, influencing how quickly permeable pavements can drain stormwater

Stormwater management: Practices that control the quantity and quality of runoff from rain or snow, often to reduce flooding and improve water quality

Subgrade: The native soil or prepared layer beneath the pavement base that provides structural support for the pavement system

Surface pore space: The small voids or openings on the pavement surface that allow water to pass through into underlying layers

Underdrains: Perforated pipes installed beneath permeable pavements to facilitate drainage where soils have low infiltration rates or where water must be directed to an outlet to the underlying ground, reducing runoff and flood risk. They increase resilience by managing stormwater locally, improving water quality and decreasing stress on drainage infrastructure. For small and rural communities, permeable pavements provide a low-maintenance flood resilience strategy for roads, sidewalks, parking areas and public spaces.

Select resources

1. LID - Permeable Pavements Factsheet

2. Permeable-Pavement-Fact-Sheet.pdf

Stormwater ponds temporarily or permanently hold excess water during heavy rainfall, reducing flooding, erosion, and downstream damage. They increase resilience by controlling stormwater flows, improving water quality, and protecting critical infrastructure. For small and rural communities, stormwater ponds provide a cost-effective way to manage flood risk while supporting community safety and long-term planning.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver stormwater pond projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify suitable locations: Consider topography, floodplain maps and existing drainage patterns when making decisions about the project site
• Understand your needs: Determine whether a detention (dry) or retention (wet) pond is most appropriate for the site and your objectives
• Centre local priorities: Engage with Indigenous communities, local organizations and landowners to integrate local knowledge and values
• Assess the site: Conduct soil, hydrology and vegetation assessments to guide pond design
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design multi-use spaces: Consider whether ponds could serve as public parks for recreational use during dry periods
• Find secondary stormwater uses: Separate stormwater from agricultural or contaminated runoff to protect water quality and allow for potential irrigation use
• Practice regular maintenance: Extend the life of the pond by being consistent in removing invasive plants, clearing trash and debris, and stabilizing slopes to prevent erosion
• Consider ecosystem benefits: Naturalize the shoreline with a vegetation buffer to improve local habitat, stabilize the banks and enhance the area’s natural beauty

Equity and community considerations

• Implement safety measures: Protect people from accidental injury or drowning by implementing fencing, barriers, gentle grading or signage (this is especially important during winter months when snow may hide unstable pond ice)
• Educate pet owners: Discourage owners from allowing pets to swim or drink from stormwater ponds located in or near off-leash dog parks; ensure owners are aware of the potentially deadly risks posed by strong drain currents and bacteria
• Engage farmers and landowners early: Minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits on livelihoods and property for stormwater ponds near residential and agricultural areas

Costing and budgeting information

Stormwater pond projects can cost $35,000–$75,000 per acre of impervious surface treated for wet ponds. Costs for dry ponds¹ vary by scale and design complexity.

Typical cost drivers include excavation, liner materials, and building outlet structures.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Transplant nearby native plants to reduce landscaping expenses
• Leverage community volunteers for planting and monitoring efforts; provide honoraria where appropriate, particularly for small organizations or equity-deserving communities
• Select sites with natural depressions or existing wetland features to minimize excavation needs

Case studies and lessons learned

Detention pond upgrade improves stormwater management and ecological value (Chilliwack, BC, 2024)

The City of Chilliwack completed improvements to the Teskey detention pond, originally built in 1997, to better manage stormwater from increased development in the area. The project included expanding and deepening the pond, upgrading outlet control structures, planting native species to enhance ecological function, and adding trails and access points for community use.

Lesson learned: Retrofitting existing detention ponds can simultaneously reduce flooding, improve stormwater management, and enhance ecological and recreational benefits. This highlights the value of multi-functional infrastructure upgrades in small communities.

Phased stormwater management enhances flood resilience while planning for future capacity (Town of Sackville, NB, 2019)

Following multiple flooding events, the Town of Sackville constructed a naturalized stormwater pond to store approximately 40,000 cubic metres of runoff and protect homes, businesses and infrastructure in the Lorne Street area. The project was implemented in phases, including road reconstruction, upgraded stormwater and sanitary infrastructure, and the first retention pond, with future plans to add a second pond for additional storage. Community workshops and technical studies informed the design to balance flood risk reduction, ecosystem benefits and long-term resilience.

Lesson learned: Phased implementation allows small communities to incrementally increase resilience as funding becomes available. Real-world testing, such as Sackville’s heavy rainstorm in August 2021, can validate infrastructure performance and reinforce the need for additional capacity in subsequent project phases.

Combining stormwater management with public recreation in sponge parks (Montreal, QC, 2020)

The City of Montreal redeveloped a former marshalling yard into Pierre-Dansereau Park, creating a network of public spaces with integrated stormwater retention. The project included a rain garden, a drainage-adapted playground, abundant native vegetation, and pedestrian walkways. These features allow stormwater to be managed ecologically while providing recreational and community amenities. Community members were actively engaged in the design process, providing input on layout and features.

Lesson learned: Thoughtful, multi-functional design can simultaneously manage stormwater, enhance biodiversity and provide accessible recreational spaces. Early and ongoing community engagement is key to achieving solutions that are both functional and widely supported.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Water balance model online (Partnership for Water Sustainability in B.C.) – A scenario comparison and decision support tool that helps users model stormwater runoff, rainwater capture and green infrastructure performance at the site and watershed scale. The tool simulates how rainfall moves through surface, interflow and groundwater pathways, enabling planners to design interventions that slow, spread and absorb runoff to protect or restore stream health.

Pond maintenance inspection checklist (Toronto and Region Conservation) – Appendix B of this document provides a detailed inspection form for maintenance and repair of various storm pond components. These include drain valves, vegetation, sediment management, debris obstruction and signage.

Risk management considerations for storm water ponds (Intact Public Entities Inc.) – A guidance resource outlining safety, access control and hazard mitigation measures for municipal stormwater management ponds. It includes recommendations for fencing, signage, vegetation and life-saving equipment.

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Wetland restoration or construction
• Permeable pavements

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities 

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Detention pond: A type of stormwater pond that temporarily holds stormwater and releases it slowly to reduce downstream flooding

Floodplain: Low-lying land adjacent to a river or stream that is prone to flooding during high water events

Hydrology: The study of water movement, distribution and quality in a given area, including rainfall, runoff and groundwater flow

Impervious surface: A surface that prevents water from infiltrating the ground, such as pavement, rooftops or concrete

Interflow: Shallow, horizontal movement of water through soil before it reaches streams or rivers

Outlet structure: Engineered feature that controls water discharge from a stormwater pond

Retention pond: A type of stormwater pond that maintains a permanent pool of water while also storing additional stormwater during heavy rainfall

Runoff: Water from precipitation that flows over land surfaces toward streams, rivers or stormwater systems

Sediment management: Practices to remove, control or treat sediment accumulation in stormwater ponds to maintain function and water quality

Stormwater pond: An engineered pond designed to store and manage excess rainwater or runoff to reduce flooding, erosion and water quality impacts

Select resources

1. Dry Detention Ponds | Climate Insight

Wetland restoration or construction involves creating or rehabilitating wetland areas to manage stormwater, absorb floodwaters and improve water quality. These projects increase community resilience by reducing downstream flooding, supporting biodiversity and providing natural buffers against extreme weather events. In small and rural communities, wetlands offer a low-cost, multi-functional solution that protects critical infrastructure, agricultural lands and local ecosystems.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver wetland restoration or construction projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify potential wetland sites: Use local floodplain and watershed maps to inform decision-making
• Centre local priorities: Engage with Indigenous communities, local organizations and landowners to integrate local knowledge and values
• Conduct site assessments: Determine soil, hydrology and vegetation conditions
• Define project objectives: Set clear goals, such as flood risk reduction, water quality improvement and habitat restoration
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Use native plant species: Select species suited to local conditions to improve ecosystem resilience and reduce maintenance needs
• Minimize disturbance: Limit impacts during construction and prevent sediment runoff into adjacent waterways
• Leverage resources across organizations: Coordinate with local agencies for ongoing maintenance and ecological monitoring
• Incorporate an educational component: Raise awareness about wetland functions, flood mitigation and ecological benefits

Equity and community considerations

• Prioritize engagement with Indigenous communities: Consult with local First Nations to respect traditional land use and knowledge and to gain a better understanding of the project site
• Engage farmers early in planning: Consider impacts of the project on agricultural lands and livelihoods
• Balance accessibility with safety: Consider designing wetlands to support community recreation and public interaction while minimizing risks

Costing and budgeting information

Wetland restoration and construction projects can cost $50–$200 per square metre depending on site size, conditions¹ and complexity.

Typical cost drivers include excavation, liner materials, vegetation and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Transplant nearby native plants to reduce landscaping expenses
• Leverage community volunteers for planting and monitoring efforts; provide honoraria where appropriate, particularly for small organizations or equity-deserving communities
• Select sites² with natural depressions or existing wetland features to minimize excavation needs

Case studies and lessons learned

Collaborative planning to restore tidal wetland and reduce flood risk (Truro, NS, 2021)

The Nova Scotia government, in collaboration with researchers, industry partners, local landowners and Millbrook First Nation, breached sections of an existing dyke along the Salmon and North rivers to allow tidal waters to return to the floodplain, gradually restoring the area to a tidal wetland ecosystem. The project included channel excavation, construction of new dykes where necessary, and extensive pre- and post-restoration monitoring.

Lesson learned: Coordinated planning across multiple stakeholders, including government, researchers, Indigenous communities and local landowners, ensures that flood risk reduction, ecosystem restoration and community priorities are successfully integrated.

Constructed wetland delivers environmental, social and economic benefits (Loyalist Township, ON, 2020)

To address elevated pH levels in the effluent from the Amherstview Water Pollution Control Plant, Loyalist Township built a constructed wetland using locally available cattails to naturally treat wastewater. Beyond improving water quality, the wetland reduces flood risk, provides habitat for waterfowl and shorebirds, creates accessible green space for residents, and reduces long-term operating costs (compared with mechanical UV treatment).

Lesson learned: Constructed wetlands can simultaneously reduce flood risk, improve water quality, create habitat, provide community green space, and lower operating costs. This demonstrates the value of multi-benefit nature-based solutions.

Wetland restoration transforms schoolyard into habitat and outdoor classroom (Quadra Island, BC, 2022)

Quadra Island Elementary School, in partnership with the B.C. Wildlife Federation, School District 72, and the We Wai Kai First Nation, restored a historic wetland on the school’s sports field to improve stormwater management and create habitat for native plants and animals. The project included excavation of shallow basins, native plantings funded by an EcoAction grant and volunteer support from local community members.

Lesson learned: Wetland projects can go beyond simple community engagement by providing opportunities for residents to play active roles throughout the project’s delivery. Thoughtful consideration of education and hands-on learning experiences, especially for youth, can foster a sense of ownership and community pride.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Road impact wetland health assessment (RIWHA) tool (B.C. Wildlife Federation) – This field-based assessment tool helps identify and prioritize wetlands impacted by roads and linear infrastructure, combining scientific indicators with local knowledge. A separate, streamlined version of the tool supports fieldwork in remote areas.

Compendium of resources (Invasive Species Centre) – Invasive species removal can be a co-benefit in a wetland restoration process. This comprehensive resource summarizes invasive species education, outreach and management tools, organized by species and pathway of spread. It helps agencies and community groups coordinate communications, adopt best practices and integrate materials into their own programs.

Biodiversity mapping and assessment tool (Ducks Unlimited Canada) – This tool identifies biodiversity hotspots to guide conservation and restoration efforts. The public version currently provides data for the Prairie Ecozone, showing predicted species richness of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles. A similar tool is being developed for Eastern Canada.

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Stormwater ponds
• Permeable pavements

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Biodiversity hotspot: An area with high species richness or abundance that is a priority for conservation and restoration efforts

Constructed wetland: A human-made wetland designed to mimic natural processes for purposes such as flood control, water treatment and habitat creation

Floodplain: Low-lying land adjacent to a river or stream that is prone to flooding during high water events

Invasive species: Non-native plants or animals that can cause ecological or economic harm in new environments

Stormwater management: Practices that control the quantity and quality of runoff from rain or snow, often to reduce flooding and improve water quality

Tidal wetland: Wetlands influenced by tidal movements, providing habitat and natural flood mitigation in coastal areas

Wetland: An area of land that is saturated with water either permanently or seasonally, supporting aquatic plants and wildlife

Select resources

1. Landowners-Guide-Wetland-Restoration-Ontario-2022.pdf

2.Wetland Vulnerability Metrics as a Rapid Indicator in Identifying Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate Coastal Flooding

A growing number of municipalities have been building climate adaptation strategies into municipal plans—but turning those plans into tangible infrastructure projects can be challenging.

Watch this webinar recording to explore tools and insights that can help your municipality move from planning to implementation. You’ll hear from staff working with or for municipalities across Canada on how they’ve approached project prioritization and turned plans into action. Whether you’re part of a small, medium or large community, you’ll come away with strategies to identify and prioritize infrastructure projects that strengthen local climate resilience.

Featured tools and resources:

• Adaptation Actions to Implement Climate Resilience: A GMF resource to help municipalities identify actions to take to address climate risks in your community.
• Climate Insight: A free online platform for Canadian communities to find relevant, actionable data and information on building low-carbon, resilient housing and infrastructure.
• Getting Ready to Finance Toolkit: Designed to help municipal practitioners prepare resilient infrastructure projects for financing, it contains tools to identify and prioritize infrastructure projects and case studies of projects that can be done with innovative financing.

This session was designed for municipal staff and elected officials who have completed their climate adaptation planning and are ready to take the next step towards implementation.

Speakers:

• Ewa Jackson, Managing Director, ICLEI Canada
• Shawn Dias, Deputy City Manager, City of Morden, MB
• Derry Wallis, Climate Change and Energy Specialist, County of Huron, ON
• Rachel Mitchell, Director of Community Climate Initiatives, Clean Foundation 

The webinar was delivered in English with French simultaneous interpretation (SI).  

FCM’s Local Leadership for Climate Adaptation initiative is delivered through our Green Municipal Fund and funded by the Government of Canada. 

Whether your municipality is starting to develop an urban forestry plan or looking to strengthen existing projects, this Biodiversity strategies for resilient urban forests webinar will help you integrate biodiversity-focused practices into your work that improve the resilience of your urban forests and enhance the well-being of your community.    

Watching this webinar will help you:  

• Discover the benefits of planting diverse native species for urban forest health and climate resilience.  
• Understand the connections between urban forestry plans and projects and broader biodiversity and ecosystem health goals.  
• Explore real examples of restoration-focused tree planting projects.  
• Learn how to integrate these principles and practices in your urban forestry plans and projects.    

Speakers:  

• Kate Landry, Senior Manager, Community Action, WWF-Canada  
• Keanen Jewett, Aboriculture Foreman, City of Fredericton  
• Sharon MacGougan, President, Garden City Conservation Society

This webinar is well suited for Canadian communities of all sizes, including:

• Municipal staff working in urban forestry, climate adaptation, environment, urban planning, community development, or parks and recreation.
• Staff from small and mid-sized municipalities, or those without dedicated urban forestry or environment teams.
• Municipal partners such as local organizations, NGOs, and community groups involved in tree planting or ecological restoration.
• Elected officials and municipal decision-makers interested in enhancing community resilience and biodiversity.
• Environmental consultants and practitioners supporting municipalities in developing or implementing urban forestry plans and projects. 

Watch the webinar

This webinar was offered jointly with WWF Canada through the Growing Canada's Community Canopies (GCCC) initiative. GCCC learning opportunities are delivered in partnership through FCM's Green Municipal Fund by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and Tree Canada and funded by the Government of Canada.   

Does your community want to ensure that its trees thrive over the long term? This factsheet explains why tree monitoring is an essential part of your planting project, and how to set up an effective monitoring program. Learn about the expertise, tools and technology that you’ll need to collect accurate data to inform tree maintenance. 

  Why monitoring trees matters for project success

Planting trees provides many benefits to communities, from cooling neighbourhood streets to restoring habitat and enhancing biodiversity. However, planting trees alone is not enough to ensure these benefits. Trees planted in urban areas face many challenges to their long-term health and survival, including drought, vandalism, pests and disease. While the first few years after planting are often the most critical, consistent monitoring even after trees are established is essential.

To ensure that your tree planting project is successful and to protect your investment of time and resources, it’s important to monitor both the trees and the areas where they have been planted. A structured monitoring program informs tree maintenance practices, ensuring that your community’s trees receive the care they need to thrive over time.

How monitoring guides tree maintenance

Effective monitoring helps detect signs of stress, such as premature leaf drop, yellowing leaves (called chlorosis) or damage to leaves and stems. These symptoms can be caused by different factors, including pests, disease, drought and nutrient deficiencies in soil.  

Monitoring also helps spot structural problems that can make a tree unstable or cause it to fail as it matures if they are not addressed. These issues include leaning trunks, uneven growth, weak branch attachments or girdling roots (roots that wrap around the trunk).  

Identifying stress or structural problems early can help you adjust your maintenance strategies and plan targeted interventions. Actions like corrective pruning, watering, soil amendments, staking adjustments or root collar excavations can improve tree health and reduce the risk of long-term issues. For example, if a young tree is leaning, staking can be introduced or adjusted during routine maintenance to help straighten it.

In cases where trees do not survive, monitoring gives you a consistent record of tree health, structural conditions and maintenance activities. This information can provide valuable insights into what went wrong, helping you adapt future planting strategies to improve survival rates and maximize the impact of your tree planting projects. 

How to set up a monitoring program

 Assign responsibility for monitoring

Tree monitoring responsibilities should be clearly assigned during the planning phase of a project and matched with the skillsets of those tasked with monitoring activities. Technical professionals like foresters, ecologists and arborists are best suited for more specialized tasks, like measuring multiple growth and health indicators, assessing tree structure and risk, and deciding what interventions are needed when issues are identified. If your municipality does not have this expertise in-house, consider seeking consultant services or partnering with a local university or research team.

Community groups and individuals can also play an important role in monitoring if they are given adequate training. Community members are often invested in the success of tree planting projects. They are closest to the site and can observe problems the earliest. With simple training and tools like mobile tree inventory apps, calipers, long measuring tape, and diameter at breast height (DBH) tape, they can track survival rates, detect early signs of stress, measure tree growth, and report issues like pest outbreaks, vandalism or animal damage.

Combining professional expertise with community engagement and accessible tools makes tree monitoring more sustainable and effective. 

Case study: Forest Health Ambassador Program 

Since 2014, the Town of Oakville, Ontario, has partnered with private consulting firm Bioforest to train local volunteers to identify signs and symptoms of invasive pests through the Forest Health Ambassador Program. Volunteers receive targeted training to monitor trees for infestations of emerald ash borer, spongy moth and Asian long-horned beetle, species that pose serious threats to urban forests with significant budgetary and management implications.

This low-cost program leverages community interest in urban forest stewardship, significantly expanding the town's monitoring capacity beyond what the municipal budget would typically allow. It serves as a strong example of how community members can be meaningfully engaged in long-term urban forest health monitoring to support early pest detection and timely intervention.

Create monitoring schedules  

Establishing an appropriate schedule is key to effective monitoring. The frequency of monitoring should balance your project’s goals, resources and the life stage(s) of the trees.  

• Early monitoring: Trees are most vulnerable in the first three to five years after planting, so more frequent monitoring of young trees is recommended. This might include checks every one to two months after planting to quickly identify and address issues.

  If the same individuals or teams are responsible for both early maintenance tasks (like watering, mulching, pruning or weeding) and monitoring, it can be efficient to carry out these activities concurrently where monitoring dates line up.

• Ongoing monitoring: After the initial establishment phase, monitoring can take place less often. Annual visits are often enough to track the long-term growth, health and structure of planted trees, although this can be done less often if trees are tracked in a regularly updated inventory (e.g., every five to ten years). For trees on public lands, consider setting up online reporting portals or phone lines for residents to report concerns. If you are setting up a community-based monitoring program, residents can also upload the data they collect about the trees.
• Environmental monitoring: Apart from the trees themselves, it is important to monitor site conditions and check for invasive species at least once per year, ideally during the growing season or after significant weather events.
• Adaptive scheduling: Monitoring plans should remain flexible. If unexpected problems arise, such as widespread mortality or the discovery of a particular pest or disease, you may need to monitor planting sites more frequently.

Your monitoring schedule should consider resource availability, including personnel, equipment and funding. More frequent monitoring can provide richer data but it requires greater investment. A well-planned monitoring schedule supports timely interventions and provides the data needed to evaluate project success and inform future plantings.

Decide how monitoring data will be recorded

Tree monitoring data can be recorded using either online forms and digital tools, such as mobile apps, or paper-based methods like printed forms and manual data entry.

Recording data digitally offers several advantages, particularly for capturing accurate location data when GPS or satellite mapping is available. Digital tools also streamline data storage, analysis and sharing. However, they require access to smartphones or tablets, which may be cost-prohibitive or impractical in some contexts.  

Paper forms are a reliable alternative to digitally recording data. After data is collected on paper forms, it can later be entered into a digital spreadsheet or database to allow for easier analysis and long-term storage.  

The method you choose should balance cost, available equipment, user familiarity and the scale of the inventory. Selecting a method that fits your team’s capacity and project scale will help ensure that monitoring is consistent, accurate and sustainable.  

Technologies and tools used for data collection and analysis may include satellite imagery, aerial imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), which provide visual representations of the planting sites. Geographic information system (GIS) software can then be used to capture, store, manage and analyze the resulting data.  

For more information on using tools to collect and analyze data, review our factsheet on urban forestry technology and tools. 

Create your monitoring baseline

Collecting baseline information about your newly planted trees is a critical step in managing them over the long term. Ideally, this information should be integrated into a comprehensive inventory of your municipality’s trees (or form the start of an inventory). An inventory provides a centralized record of what was planted where and how well each tree is growing over time. This supports consistent monitoring, maintenance and planning.

At a minimum, a best practice is to record the following information for each tree:

• location (GPS coordinates or map reference)

• planting site type (e.g., street, park or private)

• species and cultivar (or genus, if more feasible)

• health status

• land use type (e.g., urban, forest, open space, industrial)

• diameter at breast height (or at one foot, depending on tree size)

• date of recording

• a unique tree identifier 

This baseline data forms the foundation for all future monitoring. Over time, you can add and update information, such as the following:

• health status observations

• structural observations

• growth

• maintenance actions (watering, pruning, staking, etc.)

• survival/mortality status

Tracking this information over time allows you to identify trends, evaluate planting success and quickly detect areas or species that may require more attention. 

Recording every individual tree may be impractical for large-scale restoration projects that involve mass plantings. In these cases, you can use sample plots to inventory and monitor select trees on your site, then extrapolate that data to the entire site. This will generate a representative picture of the planting’s performance while still collecting detailed inventory data for selected sample trees. You can also track site-level characteristics (e.g., soil quality, ground cover and canopy cover) and metrics related to the goals of the restoration project (e.g., land area restored, carbon sequestered, presence of wildlife, etc.). Although these indicators go beyond tree monitoring, they are essential for assessing the overall success and ecological impact of restoration efforts.

Quality control in tree monitoring

To maintain accurate and consistent data over time, make sure to build quality control into your monitoring plan. This includes deciding when data will be reviewed and who is responsible for verifying measurements.
A common method is to randomly select five to ten percent of trees for remeasurement by a trained supervisor or second observer. This helps identify inconsistencies and improves data reliability for both professional and volunteer observations. Any issues can be addressed through refresher training or protocol updates.
When inventories are conducted by trained tree care professionals, identifying trees to the species or cultivar level is ideal. However, when community groups are leading the inventory, it may be more practical to identify trees to the genus level to maintain accuracy.

Photographs are another valuable quality control tool. Taking clear, consistent photos of individual trees allows teams to verify observations and validate assessments remotely.

Monitor for tree health, structure, mortality and site conditions

Once baseline inventory data has been collected, regular monitoring can begin. Tree monitoring should evolve over time, reflecting a tree’s development stage, the surrounding site conditions and the goals of your project. Health, structure, mortality and environmental factors are core indicators to monitor throughout a tree’s life, but the methods used, frequency of monitoring and level of detail will depend on tree age and project type.

All maintenance activities completed should also be documented, ideally in your tree inventory. This record-keeping supports ongoing monitoring, clarifies a tree’s maintenance history and informs future asset management planning.

Monitoring newly planted trees

Tree health

Early tree health monitoring (up to three years after planting) will focus on survival and establishment. Monitoring indicators that reflect how well a tree is adapting to its new environment is key. This may include monitoring overall vigour, chlorosis, leaf or needle loss, shoot growth, and signs of disease or animal damage. These indicators can reveal issues such as water stress, nutrient deficiencies or pests, which can be addressed by more frequent watering and other maintenance activities. 

Tree structure

Monitoring structural development is also key during the establishment phase, as early intervention can prevent costly or hazardous issues later in a tree’s life. Structural indicators to look for include trunk lean, co-dominant stems, poor branch attachment, mechanical damage from stakes or animals, and root girdling. Addressing these early through pruning, staking adjustments or installing protective fencing can set trees on a path to long-term stability and health.

Tree mortality

Tracking mortality is especially important during the establishment period to evaluate project success or progress toward survivorship goals, such as achieving 80 percent survival three years after planting. Regularly recording which trees have survived provides valuable insight into planting methods, species performance and potential site challenges. When mortality is high, monitoring data can help identify the causes, such as drought, pests, vandalism or improper planting techniques. Doing so will inform both corrective maintenance actions and long-term planning.

Site conditions

In urban or high-traffic areas, environmental stressors like soil compaction, drought, vandalism and invasive vegetation can significantly affect trees. These observations can help explain poor health or high mortality and then guide targeted interventions. If the cause of stress is not obvious, it may be due to soil pollution (e.g., salt contamination) or nutrient levels. If this is suspected, it can be useful to conduct laboratory testing to determine the cause of the problem.

For restoration or afforestation projects, soil testing and monitoring for invasive vegetation is especially important as goals often include improving degraded soils, managing erosion and re-establishing native plant communities.

Monitoring established trees

After three to five years, trees are typically considered to be established. While they require less frequent care than young trees, regular monitoring—perhaps integrated into a larger municipal or site inventory—is recommended for long-term health and safety. At this stage, the focus shifts from monitoring survival to looking at growth, signs of chronic stress, structural issues and the presence of pests or disease. 

Next steps

Here are some additional resources that can help you develop a monitoring program for your tree planting projects:

This resource was created in partnership by Tree Canada and FCM’s Green Municipal Fund for the Growing Canada’s Community Canopies initiative, which is delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and funded by the Government of Canada.  

A healthy and resilient urban forest depends on a strong urban forest management plan (UFMP). A UFMP helps municipalities grow resilient and more connected. It serves as a roadmap to ensure the urban forest provides maximum social, environmental and economic benefits to the entire community.  

Our Creating an urban forest management plan for your community guide will help you develop and implement a plan that promotes long-term sustainability and wellbeing for your community. This guide is designed for municipal staff working to create a long-term plan or strategy focused on managing, enhancing and sustaining urban forests.  

This comprehensive guide will help you: 

• Identify who should be involved in the creation and implementation of your plan.    
• Explain the importance of proactive research and planning in urban forestry.
• Compile and assess key data and information that drive your urban forest priorities.  
• Engage your community and develop a shared vision for your municipality’s urban forest.  
• Set goals, targets and actions for urban forest management.  
• Determine how you will implement your plan.

Each of these topics are explained in depth, covering the multiple considerations and details required for a strong urban forest management plan.

Download the guide 

These resources were created in partnership by Tree Canada and FCM’s Green Municipal Fund (GMF) for the Growing Canada’s Community Canopies initiative, which is delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and funded by the Government of Canada.

Is your municipality looking for ways to turn organic waste into opportunity? Anaerobic digestion offers a practical, cost-effective way to manage source-separated organics. It diverts waste from landfills, generates renewable energy from biogas and recycles nutrients back into the soil through digestate. This technology complements composting and recycling, giving municipalities concrete tools to achieve waste management and circular economy goals.

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