Accessible cooling saves lives during extreme heat events. Cooling centres are designated facilities where residents can find relief from extreme heat, typically offering air conditioning, hydration and rest spaces.

They increase resilience by protecting heat-sensitive populations from heat-related illness, reducing health system strain and providing safe gathering places during heatwaves. In small and rural communities, cooling centres are especially critical where home air conditioning is limited or for residents who live alone.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Find appropriate facilities: Identify existing community facilities (e.g., community halls, libraries, recreation centres) that are suitable for use as cooling centres
• Determine operational requirements: Consider hours, staffing and occupational limits
• Procure supplies and equipment: Stock up on items such as fans, water, seating and first-aid kits
• Develop a public communication plan: Ensure there is a broad communication strategy to notify residents of locations and hours
• Implement in partnership: Coordinate with local organizations and volunteers to support operations and outreach (this may include providing resources for support organizations to extend their facility and service hours)

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design cooling centres to be engaging: Provide activities, food, games, entertainment and amenities (e.g., Wi-Fi, seating, beds, books, radios, TVs, headphones and children’s toys) to enhance comfort and create a space that people want to stay in
• Provide clear information: Communicate broadly about cooling centre location, hours, transportation options and amenities; ensure messaging is culturally relevant and use multiple languages (as needed) to reach diverse audiences
• Train volunteers and staff: Ensure cooling centre staff and volunteers are well informed on heat illness recognition and equity-based service delivery (e.g., cultural safety, non-violent communication)

Equity and community considerations

• Provide transportation options: Offer transport (e.g., carpools, shuttles, free public transportation) to cooling centres for residents without vehicles or with limited mobility
• Resource safe spaces for unhoused populations and/or people who use substances: Provide resourcing to support organizations serving these populations so they can extend their hours to host their own cooling spaces and develop relevant programming (spaces should offer storage areas for personal belongings and consider allowing pets to reduce barriers to access)
• Resource safe spaces for multilingual and culturally diverse communities: Provide resourcing to cultural organizations serving these populations so they can extend their hours to host their own cooling spaces and develop relevant programming

Costing and budgeting information

Cooling centres hosted in existing spaces can cost $100–$500 per hour to account for staffing of extended hours.

Key cost drivers for initial set-up of a cooling centre include the purchase and installation of air conditioning systems and the procurement of necessary amenities like seating and water stations. Ongoing key cost drivers include utilities, staffing, supplies, and possibly meals and refreshments.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Identify facilities that have cooling features, like air conditioning, already installed
• Partner with local organizations to host cooling centres in their facilities, which are already frequented by the community (e.g., libraries, churches, seniors centres) rather than unprogrammed areas like gyms with only tables and chairs, to save on supply costs
• Seek sponsorship support from local businesses for cooling kit supplies

Case studies and lessons learned

Accessible cooling centres to meet diverse needs (Sudbury, ON, 2023)

The City of Greater Sudbury developed a Hot Weather Response Plan to protect residents during extreme heat events. The plan emphasizes access to cooling centres for high-risk populations and coordinates a network of public buildings, libraries, community centres and pools to provide temporary relief. During extreme heat alerts, the city extends hours of operation for recreational facilities, keeps transit routes free and communicates heat warnings through multiple media platforms to ensure residents know where to access cooling.

Lesson learned: Prioritizing accessibility and coordination ensures that cooling centres effectively serve diverse community members with varying needs.

Dual-purpose warming and cooling centres strengthen community resilience (Lambton County, ON, 2022)

Pre-designated warming and cooling centres in Lambton County provide short-term relief during both extreme heat and cold events. Community partners, including recreation centres, libraries, health centres and municipal buildings, coordinate to open these spaces when extreme temperature alerts are issued by Lambton Public Health (LPH). LPH also chairs an Extreme Temperature Stakeholder Group that reviews response activities, shares seasonal lessons, and ensures staff and volunteers are prepared to protect residents from extreme temperatures.

Lesson learned: Small communities can maximize limited resources by designing dual-purpose community resilience centres that provide support for both extreme heat and extreme cold, leveraging community networks and coordinated outreach to protect residents year-round.

Pop-up cooling tents offer a mobile approach to cooling centres (Kelowna, BC, 2021)

During the June 2021 heat dome, the City of Kelowna recognized that existing cooling centres were not accessible to unhoused and insecurely housed residents. To address this gap, the city collaborated with more than 50 community partners to quickly mobilize a network of pop-up cooling tents in accessible downtown locations. Peer navigators staffed the tents to provide shade, water misters, and cooling supplies. Personal belonging storage programs allowed participants to safely store their belongings while using the cooling areas. Community outreach teams actively checked on people in public spaces, monitored for heat-related symptoms and shared information about accessible cooling locations.

Lesson learned: Pop-up and mobile cooling interventions, combined with strong collaborative networks, can effectively protect heat-vulnerable populations without adequate housing, particularly when traditional cooling centres are inaccessible. This approach demonstrates the value of flexible, community-driven strategies for rapid response during extreme heat events.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Creating cooling spaces during hot weather guidance (Vancouver Coastal Health) – This resource provides evidence-based guidance for community organizations to set up and operate inclusive, culturally safe and effective cooling spaces. It highlights best practices for protecting vulnerable populations, managing heat-related illness and creating equitable access during hot weather.

Indigenous cultural safety training (San’yas) – This online training on Indigenous cultural safety and anti-Indigenous racism is relevant for staff and volunteers at cooling centres. San’yas offers province-specific and French-language options across Canada, with certificates of completion. The First Nations Health Authority has a free webinar inspired by the training for those without a training budget.

Guidelines for cooling and warming centre locations and sign for a warming or cooling centre (Lambton Public Health) – This reference provides guidance on establishing pre-designated warming and cooling centres in response to extreme heat and cold alerts. It includes activation procedures, alert thresholds, accessibility requirements, partner notifications, operational guidance, visitor expectations and signage examples.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Heat safety outreach
• Shade structures

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Alert thresholds: Specific environmental or weather conditions (e.g., temperature, humidex) that, when reached or exceeded, trigger official notifications or activation of response measures such as cooling or warming centres

Cultural safety: A framework for creating environments where individuals feel respected, valued and free from discrimination, with services delivered in a way that acknowledges and addresses historical and systemic inequities, particularly for Indigenous Peoples and other equity-deserving groups

Heat dome: A prolonged period of excessively high temperatures over a region caused by a large, stationary high-pressure system that traps hot air. Heat domes often result in extreme heat events with significant health risks

Non-violent communication: A communication approach often used in community outreach and crisis response contexts, it emphasizes empathy, active listening and respectful dialogue to reduce conflict and foster collaboration

Providing shaded spaces reduces heat exposure and protects community health. Shade structures are built or installed in public spaces (e.g., parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and community gathering areas) to reduce sun exposure and prevent heat-related illness.

These spaces increase resilience by lowering ambient temperatures, creating comfortable outdoor areas and supporting community health during extreme heat events. For small and rural communities, shade structures are low-cost, flexible solutions that protect residents and provide long-term public benefits.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver shade structure projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify priority locations: Consider where residents gather, play or spend extended periods outdoors, focusing on high-volume areas with few shade options
• Conduct broad engagement: Engage residents, landowners and local organizations for input and approvals
• Perform a shade audit: Evaluate sun exposure and determine wind direction for airflow by conducting a shade audit, as these factors may influence the structure’s orientation.
• Design the structure: Select a shade structure type, materials and size appropriate for the site (e.g., canopy, pergola, pavilion, tensile fabric)
• Develop a maintenance plan: Ensure durability and long-term effectiveness by planning for consistent maintenance from the start

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design for the sun’s movement: Orient structures to maximize shade during peak sunlight hours
• Build for the local climate: Use durable, weather-resistant materials suited to local climate conditions
• Design collaboratively with the community: Consider community input on design and aesthetics to encourage public use, foster a sense of ownership and offer a welcoming atmosphere; thoughtfully designed shade structures can also be used to showcase local art and providing a gathering space for Indigenous programming

Equity and community considerations

• Select locations with an equity lens: Prioritize shade structure placement in public spaces that are free to use and frequented by lower-income residents
• Protect the health of children and youth: Place shade structures in or near playgrounds, sports fields, skateparks and other recreational sites
• Ensure placement is accessible: Ensure the shaded site is easily accessible by strollers, wheelchairs, and people with mobility challenges

Costing and budgeting information

Installing a shade structure can cost $5,000–$20,000 depending on materials, size, and installation complexity.

Key cost drivers include materials, labour, design and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Leverage additional funding from community art programs (e.g., shade structures that double as art installations) and social wellness programs (e.g., shade structures that encourage community gatherings and socialization)
• Use prefabricated or modular systems that are easier to install, reducing the need for labour and design
• Consider opportunities for community volunteers to help assemble and maintain the structure

Case studies and lessons learned

Improving outdoor accessibility with shade (Hamilton, ON, 2022)

The City of Hamilton installed a shade structure at the local Track & Field Centre to protect users from sun, rain and lightning, funded through the Canada Healthy Communities Initiative. The structure was designed for inclusivity, supporting individuals with mobility limitations, older adults and people with disabilities.

Lesson learned: Thoughtful design can provide shade and weather protection while enhancing accessibility and encouraging broader participation in outdoor recreation.

Engaging students and the community in shade construction (Powerview, MB, 2021)

Grade 11 and 12 students built an open-air wooden shade structure measuring about 8.5 by 12 metres for the schoolyard, funded by the Canadian Dermatology Association Shade Structure Grant Program. Teachers, local carpenters and other community members contributed expertise, tools and equipment. The project focused on creating a safe outdoor environment while teaching practical construction and teamwork skills.

Lesson learned: Partnering students with local experts fosters practical skills and ownership while strengthening community support for public infrastructure projects.

Art-inspired shade enhances public spaces (Edmonton, AB, 2023)

The CANOPY installation at Sir Winston Churchill Square combines art, design and climate adaptation to provide public shade. Designed by urbanist Jonathan Monfries, the installation used a sustainable interlocking waffle structure with seating. The project was part of The Works International Visual Arts Festival and was funded by the Edmonton Arts Council.

Lesson learned: Integrating art and design in shade infrastructure can provide cooling, aesthetic value and climate resilience, demonstrating innovative approaches for public space adaptation.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Shade lookbook: A guide to designing sun safety (BC Cancer) – This resource provides guidance on designing, installing and maintaining built shade structures. It includes permanent (pergolas, gazebos), demountable (tents, shade sails), adjustable (awnings, umbrellas) and DIY options (textile shade, window coverings). It also contains funding information and details on structural integrity, safety, site compatibility, wind resistance and sustainability.

Shade audit information guide + tool (Region of Waterloo) – This guide and practical tool helps with assessing and increasing shade coverage in publicly accessible spaces during peak heat times. It was developed by the Waterloo Region Shade Working Group and tested in local schools, parks and municipal sites. Communities can use this resource to identify gaps in shade coverage, prioritize improvements and plan safe outdoor environments for vulnerable populations.

Heat-safe playground design resources (National Program for Play Area Safety) – This resource provides guidance and infographics to create playgrounds that remain safe and cool for children. It covers surface temperatures, shade coverage, equipment layout, airflow, material selection, maintenance and microclimate improvements.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Heat safety outreach
• Cooling centres

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Adjustable shade: Shade structures that can be modified or moved to change the amount or direction of shade, such as awnings, umbrellas or louvres

Built shade: Engineered or constructed structures designed to provide protection from sun, rain and other weather conditions; may include permanent, demountable, adjustable or DIY types

Demountable shade: Temporary or removable shade structures such as tents, marquees or shade sails that can be relocated or taken down as needed

Extreme heat event: Period of unusually high temperatures that poses health risks to humans

Microclimate: The localized climate conditions within a specific area, influenced by structures, vegetation and land features affecting temperature, wind and sun exposure

Permanent shade: Fixed or long-term shade structures, such as pergolas, gazebos or patio coverings that are designed to provide continuous protection from sun and rain

Shade audit: An assessment of outdoor spaces to measure existing shade coverage, identify areas lacking protection from the sun, and inform planning or improvements to increase shade for public safety and comfort

Tensile fabric: A strong, flexible material used in shade structures that relies on tension (rather than rigid supports) to maintain its shape and provide sun protection, often seen in sails, canopies or tensile membrane roof

Raising awareness about heat risks and safety measures saves lives. Homes¹ without adequate cooling can become dangerous places when temperatures are high. Heat safety outreach involves educating residents about the risks of extreme heat events and what safety measures are available. Outreach could also include the distribution of cooling kits or implementing neighbourhood support programs such as neighbour check-in initiatives.

Outreach activities increase heat resilience by ensuring heat-sensitive residents are aware of risks, prepared and able to access cooling interventions. For small and rural communities, outreach is critical because limited infrastructure, dispersed populations and fewer public services can make residents particularly vulnerable to heat exhaustion, dehydration and other heat-related illnesses.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver heat safety projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify populations most vulnerable to extreme heat in your community: Consider people with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, cancer), people with mental health conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, anxiety), older adults, people living alone, people with mobility challenges, and those with low incomes
• Leverage external networks: Partner with community centres, seniors centres, volunteer groups and other local service organizations for outreach support
• Develop a targeted communications plan for your audience: Use a variety of outreach methods like door-to-door visits, phone check-ins, flyers and social media; tap into existing networks and wellness checks that partner organizations are already doing
• Source or prepare cooling kits: Consider including water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels, educational materials and other supplies for distribution
• Monitor your reach: Establish a tracking system to monitor outreach coverage and effectiveness, adjusting as needed to target groups that may be missed

Best practices for design and delivery

• Build skills around respectful engagement: Equip outreach volunteers and staff with training to navigate equity, cultural safety and privacy of personal information; respecting privacy is especially important when developing neighbourhood check-in programs and engaging with people in their homes
• Communicate consistently across authorities: Align communications with those from regional, provincial/territorial, federal, health and emergency authorities to avoid mixed messaging
• Reach people where they are at: Locate heat information at busy public areas, like grocery stores, playgrounds, shopping centres and libraries; work with neighbourhood associations to develop check-in programs for those living alone in homes without adequate cooling

Equity and community considerations

• Consider barriers to internet access: Connect with older adults and others who may not see digital outreach by using flyers, radio and in-person engagement (e.g., home wellness checks or visits to seniors centres)
• Find trusted messengers: Connect with residents who may be distrustful of government, such as individuals with substance use issues or people who are unhoused, by partnering with support organizations who are already in contact with them; bring print communications directly to shelters and encampments
• Integrate a cultural lens: Reach multilingual and culturally diverse communities with tailored and interpreted communications; partner with trusted liaisons such as faith groups and cultural organizations

Costing and budgeting information

Costs for heat safety education and outreach can range from $10,000–$50,000 per campaign and $25–$100 per cooling kit.

Typical cost drivers include materials, advertising, staff time and training. Cost drivers for cooling kits depend on the contents of the kit (e.g., water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels, educational materials, etc.).

To help reduce overall costs:

• Partner with universities or research institutions that can provide access to expertise and technology for heat-health data collection and analysis
• Ask local businesses and residents for donations of new or unopened supplies
• Establish volunteer programs so that residents can contribute to outreach, cooling kit assembly and monitoring activities

Case studies and lessons learned

Leveraging community networks for heat safety (Melita, MB, 2010)

The Town of Melita developed a local Heat Alert and Response System (HARS) to protect residents during extreme heat events. The town engaged regional health authorities, volunteer organizations, Meals on Wheels, senior services and local emergency responders. Outreach included wellness checks by emergency medical staff, distribution of heat-health fact sheets, social media campaigns and multi-channel alerts. Volunteers assisted with water distribution, transportation to cooling locations and community education.

Lesson learned: Small rural communities can take advantage of their strong community networks and social capital to effectively implement heat safety outreach through local partners, ensuring timely communication and support for high-risk residents even when municipal resources and public cooling facilities are limited.

Fostering neighbour networks for heat preparedness (Victoria, BC, 2018)

The Connect & Prepare program, from Building Resilient Neighbourhoods, brings neighbours together in multi-unit buildings, condominiums, co-ops and single-family streets to identify shared risks, map local assets and develop community plans for emergencies, including extreme heat. Workshops use interactive games, facilitated discussions and planning exercises. Micro-grants support small-scale resilience projects such as shared emergency supplies.

Lesson learned: Proactively engaging neighbours through structured programs strengthens social connections, builds local preparedness and creates a framework for communities to act collectively during heat events.

Reaching diverse audiences with diverse heat outreach methods (Windsor–Essex, ON, 2011)

Windsor–Essex implemented a comprehensive heat risk communication campaign informed by marketing experts and community engagement. The campaign developed a “Stay Cool Windsor–Essex” logo to brand all communications. Outreach activities included pharmacy labels for people on risk-enhancing medications, colouring mats for children and fridge magnets for older adults. The campaign also included a central information hub and train-the-trainer sessions for emergency responders and community partners.

Lesson learned: Using a variety of communication channels and tailored materials ensures heat-health messaging reaches diverse audiences effectively, from children to seniors and vulnerable residents.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Heat waves and “un-natural disasters”: A tip sheet for communicators (Re.Climate) – This resource provides guidance for climate communicators on effectively conveying the risks of extreme heat events. Tips cover effective language, meaningful images, trusted frontline messengers (e.g., doctors, paramedics, nurses), and clear framing of climate context to engage the public while showing the health and safety impacts of heat waves.

Extreme heat health check tool (National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health) – This short and practical guide supports in-person or remote health checks during extreme heat events, helping communities identify and support individuals most at risk. It includes a rapid risk assessment checklist, guidance for recognizing and responding to heat-related illness, and instructions for measuring body and room temperature.

Prepare together for extreme heat guide (Building Resilient Neighbourhoods) – This practical guide for neighbours and community groups has information on how to connect, check in on one another and implement simple strategies to reduce risks during extreme heat events. It includes step-by-step instructions for organizing discussions, creating shared cooling zones, facilitating home-cooling retrofits and accessing health resources.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Shade structures
• Cooling centres

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Cooling kits: Packages containing items such as water bottles, portable fans, cooling towels and educational materials designed to help residents stay safe during extreme heat events

Extreme heat events: Periods of unusually high temperatures that pose health risks to humans, particularly for vulnerable populations

Heat alert and response system (HARS): A coordinated system used to issue alerts about extreme heat and provide support services to protect public health

Social capital: The relationships, trust and networks within a community that enable collective action and mutual support

Select resources

1. https://ncceh.ca/resources/evidence-reviews/heat-alert-and-response-systems-canada-check-preparedness#h3-13

Permeable pavements are an engineered approach to nature-based solutions. These surfaces allow stormwater to pass through the pavement into the underlying ground, reducing runoff and flood risk. They increase resilience by managing stormwater locally, improving water quality and decreasing stress on drainage infrastructure. For small and rural communities, permeable pavements provide a low-maintenance flood resilience strategy for roads, sidewalks, parking areas and public spaces.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver permeable pavement projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Assess site suitability: Consider traffic volume, presence of utilities, slope, drainage and soil infiltration rates
• Consider the appropriate pavement surface type: Select the most suitable surface out of porous asphalt, pervious concrete or permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP)
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Take protective measures during installation: Preserve surface pore space during installation by minimizing compaction and restricting traffic for 24–48 hours post-installation
• Install a defensive layer: Incorporate underdrains or liners where soils have low infiltration to protect groundwater and utilities
• Design for winter¹ climates: Apply larger aggregates in pervious concrete to reduce freeze–thaw damage in cold climates; prevent clogging by choosing clean gravel instead of sand or salt for winter conditions
• Conduct routine maintenance²: Be consistent with sweeping and vacuuming to remove surface debris, and pressure washing for persistent clogging, to maintain the integrity of the pavement

Equity and community considerations

• Design pedestrian paths and parking areas to be accessible: Avoid uneven settlement of the pavement surface and limit large gaps, using contrasting colours to facilitate access for wheelchair users and people with mobility aids
• Consider safety in design: Ensure materials offer sufficient traction to avoid slips and falls, especially for older adults and people with mobility challenges
• Prioritize installation in areas with the greatest need: Reduce flood risk and polluted runoff in neighbourhoods with inadequate or aging stormwater systems, including low-income areas experiencing disproportionate impacts.

Costing and budgeting information

Permeable pavement projects can cost $50–$150 per square metre depending on site conditions and the permeable system chosen. Additional costs can arise when deeper bases, underdrains or liners are required to meet infiltration or structural needs.

Typical cost drivers include materials, subgrade preparation, drainage design and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Prioritize small-scale pilot areas with lower costs before investing in larger deployment
• Plan for regular maintenance to prevent clogging and extend lifespan
• Enlist the help of residents and volunteer groups for routine maintenance (e.g., Adopt a Street programs), such as sweeping and removing trash and weeds

Case studies and lessons learned

Tailoring permeable pavement materials to site conditions (Vaughan, ON, 2015)

Researchers at the University of Guelph, in collaboration with the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program (STEP), monitored three permeable pavement types (pervious concrete and two types of permeable interlocking concrete pavers) in a parking lot to evaluate long-term runoff reduction, water quality improvements and thermal effects compared with traditional asphalt. Over three years, researchers assessed the performance and durability of each material under a variety of conditions, including winter weather and different maintenance practices.

The results revealed a variety of insights. For example, permeable interlocking concrete pavers require more frequent cleaning while pervious concretes may leach materials into stormwater outflow that are undesirable for aquatic ecosystems.

Lesson learned: Give careful consideration to the type of permeable pavement material selected for the project site. A thorough evaluation of the site’s drainage patterns, traffic use, surrounding vegetation, temperature extremes and cleaning practices can help communities determine the most appropriate materials for their context. This will enhance the pavement’s performance and lifespan.

Public engagement drives behavioural change for green infrastructure (Sackville, NB, 2024)

A de-paving project led by EOS Eco-Energy, a local non-profit, transformed a section of asphalt measuring 30 square metres into a permeable pavement area in a parking lot at a park. This allowed rainwater to infiltrate naturally while filtering pollutants before they could reach local waterways.

Leading up to and during the project, EOS implemented a communications strategy to educate the public and local municipalities about de-paving, stormwater management and low-impact development practices. The strategy combined media outreach, site tours, social media campaigns (#RainAsAResource) and hands-on workshops.

Lesson learned: Integrating public outreach and education into infrastructure projects can catalyze community awareness, behavioural change and adoption of green infrastructure practices, amplifying the impact of small-scale pilot projects beyond their physical footprint.

Revitalizing underused spaces through permeable surfaces (London, ON, 2024)

Fanshawe College transformed its underused Arts Courtyard by removing 118 square metres of asphalt and creating a naturalized area with permeable surfaces and native plantings, including a rain and pollinator garden. The college recycled the removed asphalt and incorporated permeable materials made from recycled tires. The project reduced runoff, improved stormwater infiltration and restored habitat for native wildlife.

Lesson learned: De-paving and greening neglected or underutilized areas can simultaneously restore natural hydrology, enhance biodiversity, and create community spaces that are accessible and functional. This demonstrates revitalization’s value in terms of both ecological and social benefits.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Permeable pavement site sustainability evaluation tool (Applied Research Associates) –This Excel-based tool helps users evaluate and rank up to six potential sites for permeable pavement based on feasibility and suitability. The tool generates scores categorizing sites as amenable, marginal or unsuitable, supporting informed decision-making for project scoping.

Design guidelines for low-impact development permeable pavement (City of Calgary) –This technical guidance document supports the design of permeable pavement systems for residential and commercial developments. Appendix A includes a detailed design checklist covering site feasibility, system selection, hydrology and structural design. Appendix B provides an example.

Stormwater manual (City of Seattle) – Appendix G of this manual provides technical guidance on inspection, maintenance and operational requirements for permeable pavement. It outlines recommended inspection frequency, common defects, maintenance triggers and expected outcomes to ensure long-term performance of permeable pavement..

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Wetland restoration or construction
• Stormwater ponds

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Aggregate: Crushed stone or gravel used in the base or surface of permeable pavements to provide structural support and facilitate water infiltration

Drainage: The controlled movement of stormwater through and away from a site, often managed through permeable pavement layers, underdrains or surface channels

Hydrology: The study of water movement, distribution and quality in a given area, including rainfall, runoff and groundwater flow

Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP): A type of pavement made of interlocking blocks with void spaces that allow water to infiltrate, often filled with gravel or soil

Permeable pavements: Engineered surfaces designed to allow stormwater to pass through, reducing runoff and flood risk while improving water quality

Pervious concrete: Concrete mix with reduced fine aggregates to create a porous matrix that allows water infiltration

Porous asphalt: Asphalt mix with reduced fine aggregates to allow water to pass through the surface into underlying layers

Runoff: Water that flows over surfaces instead of infiltrating, often carrying pollutants into stormwater systems or natural waterways

Soil infiltration rate: The speed at which water can soak into the soil, influencing how quickly permeable pavements can drain stormwater

Stormwater management: Practices that control the quantity and quality of runoff from rain or snow, often to reduce flooding and improve water quality

Subgrade: The native soil or prepared layer beneath the pavement base that provides structural support for the pavement system

Surface pore space: The small voids or openings on the pavement surface that allow water to pass through into underlying layers

Underdrains: Perforated pipes installed beneath permeable pavements to facilitate drainage where soils have low infiltration rates or where water must be directed to an outlet to the underlying ground, reducing runoff and flood risk. They increase resilience by managing stormwater locally, improving water quality and decreasing stress on drainage infrastructure. For small and rural communities, permeable pavements provide a low-maintenance flood resilience strategy for roads, sidewalks, parking areas and public spaces.

Select resources

1. LID - Permeable Pavements Factsheet

2. Permeable-Pavement-Fact-Sheet.pdf

Stormwater ponds temporarily or permanently hold excess water during heavy rainfall, reducing flooding, erosion, and downstream damage. They increase resilience by controlling stormwater flows, improving water quality, and protecting critical infrastructure. For small and rural communities, stormwater ponds provide a cost-effective way to manage flood risk while supporting community safety and long-term planning.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver stormwater pond projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify suitable locations: Consider topography, floodplain maps and existing drainage patterns when making decisions about the project site
• Understand your needs: Determine whether a detention (dry) or retention (wet) pond is most appropriate for the site and your objectives
• Centre local priorities: Engage with Indigenous communities, local organizations and landowners to integrate local knowledge and values
• Assess the site: Conduct soil, hydrology and vegetation assessments to guide pond design
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design multi-use spaces: Consider whether ponds could serve as public parks for recreational use during dry periods
• Find secondary stormwater uses: Separate stormwater from agricultural or contaminated runoff to protect water quality and allow for potential irrigation use
• Practice regular maintenance: Extend the life of the pond by being consistent in removing invasive plants, clearing trash and debris, and stabilizing slopes to prevent erosion
• Consider ecosystem benefits: Naturalize the shoreline with a vegetation buffer to improve local habitat, stabilize the banks and enhance the area’s natural beauty

Equity and community considerations

• Implement safety measures: Protect people from accidental injury or drowning by implementing fencing, barriers, gentle grading or signage (this is especially important during winter months when snow may hide unstable pond ice)
• Educate pet owners: Discourage owners from allowing pets to swim or drink from stormwater ponds located in or near off-leash dog parks; ensure owners are aware of the potentially deadly risks posed by strong drain currents and bacteria
• Engage farmers and landowners early: Minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits on livelihoods and property for stormwater ponds near residential and agricultural areas

Costing and budgeting information

Stormwater pond projects can cost $35,000–$75,000 per acre of impervious surface treated for wet ponds. Costs for dry ponds¹ vary by scale and design complexity.

Typical cost drivers include excavation, liner materials, and building outlet structures.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Transplant nearby native plants to reduce landscaping expenses
• Leverage community volunteers for planting and monitoring efforts; provide honoraria where appropriate, particularly for small organizations or equity-deserving communities
• Select sites with natural depressions or existing wetland features to minimize excavation needs

Case studies and lessons learned

Detention pond upgrade improves stormwater management and ecological value (Chilliwack, BC, 2024)

The City of Chilliwack completed improvements to the Teskey detention pond, originally built in 1997, to better manage stormwater from increased development in the area. The project included expanding and deepening the pond, upgrading outlet control structures, planting native species to enhance ecological function, and adding trails and access points for community use.

Lesson learned: Retrofitting existing detention ponds can simultaneously reduce flooding, improve stormwater management, and enhance ecological and recreational benefits. This highlights the value of multi-functional infrastructure upgrades in small communities.

Phased stormwater management enhances flood resilience while planning for future capacity (Town of Sackville, NB, 2019)

Following multiple flooding events, the Town of Sackville constructed a naturalized stormwater pond to store approximately 40,000 cubic metres of runoff and protect homes, businesses and infrastructure in the Lorne Street area. The project was implemented in phases, including road reconstruction, upgraded stormwater and sanitary infrastructure, and the first retention pond, with future plans to add a second pond for additional storage. Community workshops and technical studies informed the design to balance flood risk reduction, ecosystem benefits and long-term resilience.

Lesson learned: Phased implementation allows small communities to incrementally increase resilience as funding becomes available. Real-world testing, such as Sackville’s heavy rainstorm in August 2021, can validate infrastructure performance and reinforce the need for additional capacity in subsequent project phases.

Combining stormwater management with public recreation in sponge parks (Montreal, QC, 2020)

The City of Montreal redeveloped a former marshalling yard into Pierre-Dansereau Park, creating a network of public spaces with integrated stormwater retention. The project included a rain garden, a drainage-adapted playground, abundant native vegetation, and pedestrian walkways. These features allow stormwater to be managed ecologically while providing recreational and community amenities. Community members were actively engaged in the design process, providing input on layout and features.

Lesson learned: Thoughtful, multi-functional design can simultaneously manage stormwater, enhance biodiversity and provide accessible recreational spaces. Early and ongoing community engagement is key to achieving solutions that are both functional and widely supported.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Water balance model online (Partnership for Water Sustainability in B.C.) – A scenario comparison and decision support tool that helps users model stormwater runoff, rainwater capture and green infrastructure performance at the site and watershed scale. The tool simulates how rainfall moves through surface, interflow and groundwater pathways, enabling planners to design interventions that slow, spread and absorb runoff to protect or restore stream health.

Pond maintenance inspection checklist (Toronto and Region Conservation) – Appendix B of this document provides a detailed inspection form for maintenance and repair of various storm pond components. These include drain valves, vegetation, sediment management, debris obstruction and signage.

Risk management considerations for storm water ponds (Intact Public Entities Inc.) – A guidance resource outlining safety, access control and hazard mitigation measures for municipal stormwater management ponds. It includes recommendations for fencing, signage, vegetation and life-saving equipment.

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Wetland restoration or construction
• Permeable pavements

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities 

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Detention pond: A type of stormwater pond that temporarily holds stormwater and releases it slowly to reduce downstream flooding

Floodplain: Low-lying land adjacent to a river or stream that is prone to flooding during high water events

Hydrology: The study of water movement, distribution and quality in a given area, including rainfall, runoff and groundwater flow

Impervious surface: A surface that prevents water from infiltrating the ground, such as pavement, rooftops or concrete

Interflow: Shallow, horizontal movement of water through soil before it reaches streams or rivers

Outlet structure: Engineered feature that controls water discharge from a stormwater pond

Retention pond: A type of stormwater pond that maintains a permanent pool of water while also storing additional stormwater during heavy rainfall

Runoff: Water from precipitation that flows over land surfaces toward streams, rivers or stormwater systems

Sediment management: Practices to remove, control or treat sediment accumulation in stormwater ponds to maintain function and water quality

Stormwater pond: An engineered pond designed to store and manage excess rainwater or runoff to reduce flooding, erosion and water quality impacts

Select resources

1. Dry Detention Ponds | Climate Insight

Wetland restoration or construction involves creating or rehabilitating wetland areas to manage stormwater, absorb floodwaters and improve water quality. These projects increase community resilience by reducing downstream flooding, supporting biodiversity and providing natural buffers against extreme weather events. In small and rural communities, wetlands offer a low-cost, multi-functional solution that protects critical infrastructure, agricultural lands and local ecosystems.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver wetland restoration or construction projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify potential wetland sites: Use local floodplain and watershed maps to inform decision-making
• Centre local priorities: Engage with Indigenous communities, local organizations and landowners to integrate local knowledge and values
• Conduct site assessments: Determine soil, hydrology and vegetation conditions
• Define project objectives: Set clear goals, such as flood risk reduction, water quality improvement and habitat restoration
• Get your paperwork in order: Seek required permits and approvals from environmental and municipal authorities

Best practices for design and delivery

• Use native plant species: Select species suited to local conditions to improve ecosystem resilience and reduce maintenance needs
• Minimize disturbance: Limit impacts during construction and prevent sediment runoff into adjacent waterways
• Leverage resources across organizations: Coordinate with local agencies for ongoing maintenance and ecological monitoring
• Incorporate an educational component: Raise awareness about wetland functions, flood mitigation and ecological benefits

Equity and community considerations

• Prioritize engagement with Indigenous communities: Consult with local First Nations to respect traditional land use and knowledge and to gain a better understanding of the project site
• Engage farmers early in planning: Consider impacts of the project on agricultural lands and livelihoods
• Balance accessibility with safety: Consider designing wetlands to support community recreation and public interaction while minimizing risks

Costing and budgeting information

Wetland restoration and construction projects can cost $50–$200 per square metre depending on site size, conditions¹ and complexity.

Typical cost drivers include excavation, liner materials, vegetation and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Transplant nearby native plants to reduce landscaping expenses
• Leverage community volunteers for planting and monitoring efforts; provide honoraria where appropriate, particularly for small organizations or equity-deserving communities
• Select sites² with natural depressions or existing wetland features to minimize excavation needs

Case studies and lessons learned

Collaborative planning to restore tidal wetland and reduce flood risk (Truro, NS, 2021)

The Nova Scotia government, in collaboration with researchers, industry partners, local landowners and Millbrook First Nation, breached sections of an existing dyke along the Salmon and North rivers to allow tidal waters to return to the floodplain, gradually restoring the area to a tidal wetland ecosystem. The project included channel excavation, construction of new dykes where necessary, and extensive pre- and post-restoration monitoring.

Lesson learned: Coordinated planning across multiple stakeholders, including government, researchers, Indigenous communities and local landowners, ensures that flood risk reduction, ecosystem restoration and community priorities are successfully integrated.

Constructed wetland delivers environmental, social and economic benefits (Loyalist Township, ON, 2020)

To address elevated pH levels in the effluent from the Amherstview Water Pollution Control Plant, Loyalist Township built a constructed wetland using locally available cattails to naturally treat wastewater. Beyond improving water quality, the wetland reduces flood risk, provides habitat for waterfowl and shorebirds, creates accessible green space for residents, and reduces long-term operating costs (compared with mechanical UV treatment).

Lesson learned: Constructed wetlands can simultaneously reduce flood risk, improve water quality, create habitat, provide community green space, and lower operating costs. This demonstrates the value of multi-benefit nature-based solutions.

Wetland restoration transforms schoolyard into habitat and outdoor classroom (Quadra Island, BC, 2022)

Quadra Island Elementary School, in partnership with the B.C. Wildlife Federation, School District 72, and the We Wai Kai First Nation, restored a historic wetland on the school’s sports field to improve stormwater management and create habitat for native plants and animals. The project included excavation of shallow basins, native plantings funded by an EcoAction grant and volunteer support from local community members.

Lesson learned: Wetland projects can go beyond simple community engagement by providing opportunities for residents to play active roles throughout the project’s delivery. Thoughtful consideration of education and hands-on learning experiences, especially for youth, can foster a sense of ownership and community pride.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Road impact wetland health assessment (RIWHA) tool (B.C. Wildlife Federation) – This field-based assessment tool helps identify and prioritize wetlands impacted by roads and linear infrastructure, combining scientific indicators with local knowledge. A separate, streamlined version of the tool supports fieldwork in remote areas.

Compendium of resources (Invasive Species Centre) – Invasive species removal can be a co-benefit in a wetland restoration process. This comprehensive resource summarizes invasive species education, outreach and management tools, organized by species and pathway of spread. It helps agencies and community groups coordinate communications, adopt best practices and integrate materials into their own programs.

Biodiversity mapping and assessment tool (Ducks Unlimited Canada) – This tool identifies biodiversity hotspots to guide conservation and restoration efforts. The public version currently provides data for the Prairie Ecozone, showing predicted species richness of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles. A similar tool is being developed for Eastern Canada.

Explore more flood resilience activities

Learn about other flood resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Stormwater ponds
• Permeable pavements

Return to the Flood Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Biodiversity hotspot: An area with high species richness or abundance that is a priority for conservation and restoration efforts

Constructed wetland: A human-made wetland designed to mimic natural processes for purposes such as flood control, water treatment and habitat creation

Floodplain: Low-lying land adjacent to a river or stream that is prone to flooding during high water events

Invasive species: Non-native plants or animals that can cause ecological or economic harm in new environments

Stormwater management: Practices that control the quantity and quality of runoff from rain or snow, often to reduce flooding and improve water quality

Tidal wetland: Wetlands influenced by tidal movements, providing habitat and natural flood mitigation in coastal areas

Wetland: An area of land that is saturated with water either permanently or seasonally, supporting aquatic plants and wildlife

Select resources

1. Landowners-Guide-Wetland-Restoration-Ontario-2022.pdf

2.Wetland Vulnerability Metrics as a Rapid Indicator in Identifying Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate Coastal Flooding

A growing number of municipalities have been building climate adaptation strategies into municipal plans—but turning those plans into tangible infrastructure projects can be challenging.

Watch this webinar recording to explore tools and insights that can help your municipality move from planning to implementation. You’ll hear from staff working with or for municipalities across Canada on how they’ve approached project prioritization and turned plans into action. Whether you’re part of a small, medium or large community, you’ll come away with strategies to identify and prioritize infrastructure projects that strengthen local climate resilience.

Featured tools and resources:

• Adaptation Actions to Implement Climate Resilience: A GMF resource to help municipalities identify actions to take to address climate risks in your community.
• Climate Insight: A free online platform for Canadian communities to find relevant, actionable data and information on building low-carbon, resilient housing and infrastructure.
• Getting Ready to Finance Toolkit: Designed to help municipal practitioners prepare resilient infrastructure projects for financing, it contains tools to identify and prioritize infrastructure projects and case studies of projects that can be done with innovative financing.

This session was designed for municipal staff and elected officials who have completed their climate adaptation planning and are ready to take the next step towards implementation.

Speakers:

• Ewa Jackson, Managing Director, ICLEI Canada
• Shawn Dias, Deputy City Manager, City of Morden, MB
• Derry Wallis, Climate Change and Energy Specialist, County of Huron, ON
• Rachel Mitchell, Director of Community Climate Initiatives, Clean Foundation 

The webinar was delivered in English with French simultaneous interpretation (SI).  

FCM’s Local Leadership for Climate Adaptation initiative is delivered through our Green Municipal Fund and funded by the Government of Canada.