Green roofs are roofing systems that are partially or completely covered with vegetation, planted over a drainage layer and a waterproof membrane. They are installed to reduce building heat stress, manage stormwater and support sustainable building design.

Green roofs increase a facility’s resilience by improving insulation, lowering energy costs and mitigating urban heat islands. For small and rural Canadian communities, they extend the lifespan of public buildings, enhance indoor comfort during extreme heat, and provide a visible, community-driven climate adaptation. This is especially so when green roofs are installed on well-used facilities like libraries, arenas or community centres.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver green roof installation projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Assess structural feasibility: Conduct an engineering review to confirm that the roof can support soil, plants and snow loads, and that its slope is compatible with a living roof
• Secure permits and waterproofing: Ensure designs align with municipal building codes and include durable membranes to prevent leaks
• Design slope and drainage: Plan for proper runoff and integrate soil-moisture sensors or simple irrigation systems; consider a retention pond to recirculate irrigation water
• Select climate-appropriate plants: Use native plants like sedums, drought-resistant grasses or other hardy perennials suited to local conditions
• Develop an operations and maintenance plan: Schedule spring and fall inspections, drain checks, and replanting where it is needed

Best practices for design and delivery

• Ensure safe access: Design roofs with secure access points—such as hatches or ladders—and install fall protection systems to reduce safety risks (this is essential for small buildings, as limited space and lower roof heights can lead to overlooked hazards)
• Build partnerships: Collaborate with local horticultural groups for plant selection, partner with schools for educational programming, and involve building operators early to ensure long-term maintenance and monitoring

Equity and community considerations

• Prioritize vulnerable groups: Install green roofs on public facilities (e.g., libraries, social housing) where older adults, children and people living on lower incomes can benefit most from better temperature regulation, reduced noise and cleaner air during extreme weather events
• Integrate Indigenous Knowledge: Engage Indigenous partners early to integrate Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) into plant selection and design, being sure to offer honoraria for their time and expertise; support the hiring of Indigenous vendors
• Explore social use potential: Design green roofs to include accessible gathering areas or educational features where structurally feasible

Costing and budgeting information

Green roof installation projects can cost $150–$700 per square metre, depending on roof size, structural conditions and design complexity.

Typical cost drivers include the following: site assessment and structural engineering; permits and inspections; waterproofing and drainage systems; growing medium and plant selection; labour and scaffolding; and ongoing maintenance (e.g., weeding, irrigation, drain checks).

To help reduce overall costs:

• Start with extensive or semi-intensive systems that require less structural reinforcement and maintenance

• Use drought-tolerant native plants to reduce irrigation need

• Engage local volunteers or green job trainees for planting and light maintenance

• Partner with local nurseries or landscape programs for donated or discounted plants and materials

Case studies and lessons learned

Collaborative green roof installation to manage stormwater and build climate resilience (Tantramar, NB, 2022)

Over the span of two years, the Town of Tantramar installed a green roof on its town hall to improve freshwater management, reduce flood risk and enhance climate resilience. The project emphasized ecological benefits and community engagement, adapting plans midway to overcome logistical and pandemic-related challenges.

Lesson learned: Small communities can navigate complex installations by remaining flexible—modifying design plans, expanding roof areas, and using virtual outreach to maintain momentum despite limited resources and external disruptions.

Green roof retrofit to transform civic space and showcase climate adaptation (Campbell River, BC, 2018)

Campbell River renovated its city hall’s roof with a combination of extensive green roofing and a landscaped public courtyard, funded through the Federal Gas Tax Fund. The retrofit served both functional and educational purposes, demonstrating how civic infrastructure can respond to local climate vulnerabilities.

Lesson learned: Green roof retrofits can turn underused municipal spaces into visible climate adaptation assets, offering both environmental benefits and public engagement opportunities for small communities.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Ecoroof guide for municipalities (Rockies Institute) – This guide offers municipalities insights into converting rooftops into green spaces, highlighting benefits like improved air quality and stormwater management. It includes considerations for smaller-scale implementation.

Green roof construction guidelines (Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program) –Provides technical guidance on green roof design, plant selection and structural considerations. The resource is well-suited for small communities with limited budgets seeking to integrate green infrastructure into public buildings.

Toronto green roof construction standard supplementary guidelines (City of Toronto) –This guideline provides best practices and explanatory materials to assist designers in meeting the city's green roof requirements, aligning with the Ontario Building Code and promoting sustainable urban development. While developed for an urban setting, the design principles and performance standards are adaptable to smaller municipalities.

Explore more community facilities activities

Learn about other community facilities project types and how they can support your community:

• Battery-powered generators/battery back-up projects
• Fire-resistant material installation projects

Return to the Resilient Community Facilities Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Heat Resilience Toolkit

Glossary

Green roof: A rooftop system layered with soil and vegetation to improve insulation, manage water and reduce heat

Stormwater management: Techniques used to control runoff from rain, reducing flooding and improving water quality

Urban heat island: A phenomenon where urban areas are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure

Structural feasibility: The ability of a building’s roof to support the added weight of soil, plants and water

Waterproofing membrane: A protective layer that prevents water from penetrating the roof structure beneath the green roof

Native plants: Vegetation naturally adapted to the local climate, requiring less maintenance and water

Operations and maintenance plan: A scheduled plan for inspecting, maintaining and replanting green roof systems

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Indigenous knowledge systems that inform sustainable practices, including plant selection and ecological design

Retention pond: A water feature used to collect and reuse irrigation runoff from green roofs

Fall protection: Safety measures (e.g., guardrails, harnesses) to prevent injury during roof access and maintenance

Battery back-ups provide a secondary source of power that keeps essential community services running when the primary source of power is out. Increasingly frequent storms, extreme weather, climate-related outages and peak demand challenges mean rural and remote communities face longer restoration times and greater risks of service disruption.

Back-up systems, whether portable or integrated, help protect critical functions. They allow public facilities to serve asresilience hubs and safe shelters during emergencies.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver battery-powered generator and battery back-up projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Obtain permits and ensure compliance: Secure electrical permits, use CSA-certified equipment¹ and hire a licensed electrician and gas fitter if required
• Determine critical loads: Conduct an energy audit to identify appliances and systems that must be powered (e.g., refrigeration, heat pumps, communications)
• Choose the right system: Consider size, fuel source, solar-ready options or smart panels for load prioritization; ensure proper ventilation
• Develop risk and safety protocols: Prepare emergency response procedures for fire, overheating, fuel leaks or electrical hazards
• Plan for testing and maintenance: Schedule regular inspections, software updates and battery performance checks

Best practices for design and delivery

• Engage the community early: Survey residents on concerns such as noise, safety and aesthetics; use their feedback to guide placement and design while communicating benefits and setting clear expectations
• Plan for inclusivity: Select public buildings (e.g., libraries, clinics, community centres) with open access, extended hours and physical accessibility; prioritize locations in equity-deserving neighbourhoods to ensure benefits reach those most impacted during service disruptions
• Train facility staff and neighbours: Provide clear training on system operation and maintenance, extending the invitation to operators in nearby municipalities and Indigenous communities to build regional capacity

Equity and community considerations

• Prioritize multi-purpose community hubs: Select facilities that already serve as trusted gathering spaces and that can function as clean air/warm air/cool air refuges during emergencies; sites with existing social programming (e.g., libraries, community centres) are more likely to attract diverse residents
• Ensure equitable access: Set clear public access hours, barrier-free entry, transportation options; consider social barriers too, including groups who may face discrimination or feel unsafe in public spaces
• Build Indigenous partnerships: Use installations as training opportunities for Indigenous and neighbouring communities to build workforce development and advance reconciliation

Costing and budgeting information

Battery back-up system installation can cost $1,200–$8,000 per kW for battery systems, depending on system size, energy demand and integration complexity.

Typical cost drivers include the following: permits and inspections for electrical compliance; system design and integration with existing infrastructure; mobilization for remote or hard-to-access sites; disposal and recycling of old batteries or generator components; and ongoing maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Fit the system to cover only critical loads (e.g., refrigeration, lighting, communications)
• Coordinate bulk purchases across departments or neighbouring communities to reduce unit costs.
• Schedule installations during off-peak seasons to access lower vendor rates and avoid delays
• Plan end-of-life disposal and recycling to minimize disposal costs

Case studies and lessons learned

Multi-serving battery back-up and EV charging at community recreation hub (Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve, ON, 2023)

In 2023, Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve installed a battery back-up system at its community recreational complex, enhancing local energy resilience. The system stores electricity to provide reliable power during outages. It supports peak demand and integrates with renewable energy sources. Installed alongside two level-2 and two fast EV charging stations, the facility now serves as a multi-functional hub that supports recreation, transportation and emergency response.

Lesson learned: Even a single public facility can double as an emergency refuge and energy resource during outages, especially when paired with complementary infrastructure.

Hybrid back-up power system for a multi-unit residential building (Vancouver, BC, 2019)

This study modelled five back-up power system options for an 80-kW load over a 72-hour outage at a small residential co-op. Options included combinations of diesel, propane, solar PV and lithium-ion batteries. The propane + lithium-ion + solar PV system was found to offer the best balance of resilience, environmental impact and cost-effectiveness, with a net present value within five percent of a baseline diesel generator.

Lesson learned: Small facilities can achieve meaningful resilience and emissions reductions by combining modest battery storage with solar and propane systems, especially when energy pricing structures support peak load management.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Back-up power guidelines (City of Toronto) – This document provides practical guidance for integrating back-up power systems into buildings, with adaptable recommendations for public facilities like community centres and shelters. Communities can use it to assess power needs, identify suitable technologies and plan for emergency preparedness.

Canada’s home electrification toolkit (Building Decarbonization Alliance) – This national resource offers guidance on selecting and installing home battery systems and back-up generators. It includes cost comparisons and technology options suitable for residential and small community use.

Municipal energy procurement toolkit (Association of Municipalities of Ontario) – This toolkit helps municipalities navigate procurement for energy projects, including battery storage, with guidance on site planning, public engagement and emergency management. It covers land-use planning, siting and agricultural protection in a concise format that helps staff quickly assess project fit and community impact using practical criteria.

Explore more community facilities resilience activities

Learn about other community facilities resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Green roof installation projects
• Fire-resistant material installation projects

Return to the Resilient Community Facilities Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Heat Resilience Toolkit

Glossary

Battery back-up: A system that stores electricity to power essential services during outages

Critical loads: Appliances or systems (e.g., HVAC, refrigeration) that must remain powered during emergencies

CSA-certified equipment: Electrical products approved by the Canadian Standards Association for safety and compliance

Smart panels: Electrical panels that prioritize and manage power distribution during limited supply situations

Energy audit: An assessment to determine energy usage and identify essential systems to back up

Resilience hub: A public facility equipped to provide shelter and services during emergencies

Distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS): Software platforms that optimize and control decentralized energy systems like batteries and solar

Solar-ready systems: Back-up systems designed to integrate with solar panels for renewable energy use

End-of-life disposal: The safe and environmentally responsible removal and recycling of used battery systems

Select resources

1. CSA Group Product Listing - CSA Group

Wildfire prevention training equips both staff and residents with the knowledge they need to reduce ignition risks and prepare for emergencies. Communities can turn prevention into everyday practice by education on FireSmart basics, incident awareness and cultural fire co-management.

For small and rural Canadian municipalities, accessible training builds local capacity, empowers volunteers, and strengthens cooperation across residents, Indigenous Knowledge holders and fire authorities. This helps communities act early and reduce risks before wildfires occur.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver wildfire prevention training projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Select target audiences: Choose the right training for staff, homeowners or volunteers (e.g., FireSmart basics for residents; facility preparedness for municipal staff)
• Choose delivery formats: Combine short online modules, in-person workshops and community demo days for accessibility
• Engage trainers and facilitators: Work with local fire agencies, Indigenous fire stewards or FireSmart program staff
• Keep records: Track attendance and issue certificates to build credibility, motivate participation and support funding applications
• Integrate training into routines: Align with existing council meetings, staff development days or community events

Best practices for design and delivery

• Tailor delivery to audience needs: Run evening sessions for residents, daytime practical sessions for public works crews and hybrid formats for staff with limited availability
• Offer blended formats: Pair short online modules with one field day to keep costs low and increase reach
• Co-develop with Indigenous partners: Integrate Traditional Ecological Knowledge and cultural protocols to strengthen ecological and social outcomes
• Partner with experts: Collaborate with FireSmart Canada, provincial wildfire agencies, and public health authorities to ensure alignment with recognized best practices
• Encourage peer-to-peer learning: Support local FireSmart champions or ambassadors to share knowledge across neighbourhoods

Equity and community considerations

• Cultural awareness and Indigenous Knowledge: Partner with Indigenous firekeepers as co-trainers, budget for honoraria and include cultural safety protocols
• Address employment barriers: Link skills development to job opportunities in wildfire management, creating pathways for youth and underemployed populations
• Accommodate accessibility: Provide transportation, childcare support and flexible scheduling for training and burn activities, to remove participation barriers for remote and rural communities

Costing and budgeting information

Wildfire prevention training projects typically cost $5,000–$25,000 per community session, depending on the number of participants and training topic.

Typical cost drivers include the following: instructor fees; venue rental; travel and accommodation for instructors (especially in remote areas); print and digital materials (e.g., flyers, posters, e-learning content); administrative costs (e.g., coordination, registration, logistics); and honoraria/compensation for Indigenous Knowledge holders and guest speakers.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Leverage virtual or hybrid training formats to minimize travel and venue expenses
• Partner with local organizations (schools, community centres) to access free or low-cost spaces
• Bundle training sessions with other community events to share costs and increase participation

Case studies and lessons learned

Joint training built shared skills in cultural fire effects monitoring workshop (Ktunaxa Territory, BC, 2022)

This three-day workshop brought together Indigenous fire stewards, municipal staff and wildfire professionals to deepen understanding of cultural burning practices and fire effects monitoring. The event combined classroom sessions with field-based learning, focusing on how cultural burns can restore ecological balance, reduce wildfire risk and revitalize traditional land stewardship. The workshop trained 30+ participants in cultural fire planning and monitoring techniques.

Lesson learned: Joint training strengthens Indigenous–municipal collaboration and builds shared monitoring skills. Bringing diverse knowledge systems together fosters mutual respect, improves ecological outcomes and builds capacity for culturally relevant fire management.

Local delivery increased participation in FireSmart workshops (Saskatchewan First Nations Emergency Management, SK, 2021)

Community-led workshops provided First Nations communities with tailored FireSmart training, often supported by grant funding. Each session was adapted to local conditions, cultural contexts and community priorities. Topics included home ignition zone assessments, vegetation management, emergency planning and community engagement strategies.

Lesson learned: Locally delivered training increases participation and adapts content to community realities. When workshops are led by trusted community members and tailored to local needs, they are more effective, inclusive and sustainable.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Wildfire risk reduction course (Province of British Columbia) – This 3.5-hour online course introduces participants to the fundamentals of wildfire risk reduction, including key concepts, stakeholders and mitigation strategies. It also covers funding opportunities and planning tools to support community-level fire preparedness and resilience.

FireSmart 101 (FireSmart) – This one-hour online course introduces individuals and communities to the core principles of FireSmart. It covers basic wildfire behaviour, home protection strategies and community-level actions to reduce fire risk in a clear and accessible format.

Indigenous youth wildfire training (National Indigenous Fire Safety Council) – This nationwide program offers hands-on and online training for Indigenous youth aged 15–30. It includes S-100 and S-185 certifications, pump and hose operation, and fire safety skills. This initiative builds local firefighting capacity while supporting cultural knowledge integration.

Explore more wildfire resilience activities

Learn about other wildfire resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Prescribed and cultural burns
• Vegetative management and replacement

Return to the Wildfire Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities 

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

FireSmart: A national Canadian program offering practical guidelines to reduce wildfire hazards around homes and communities

Cultural fire co-management: Collaborative fire stewardship that integrates Indigenous burning practices with municipal fire management

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Indigenous understanding of ecosystems, fire behaviour and land stewardship passed through generations

FireSmart champions: Local volunteers trained to promote FireSmart practices and support peer-to-peer learning in their communities

Incident awareness: Understanding wildfire risks, emergency alerts and response protocols to act quickly during fire events

Thinning vegetation, clearing debris and accumulated deadfall, and using the natural topography that surrounds a community can create protective barriers that slow wildfire spread. For small and rural Canadian communities, vegetative management and replacement is a cost-effective, visible intervention that lowers exposure while improving safety for residents and responders.

It can also provide opportunities for community engagement and the integration of Indigenous fire stewardship practices into local climate resilience strategies.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver vegetative management and replacement projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Consult local experts: Coordinate with provincial/territorial wildfire agencies, Indigenous communities and land managers to align with permitting requirements
• Manage vegetation: Remove deadwood, prune low branches and thin fuel loads using hand tools, mechanical clearing or prescribed fire
• Ensure firefighting access: Design zones with pathways or clearings so crews can operate safely during fire events
• Plan for maintenance: Schedule monitoring and re-treat areas every few years (more often after storms or beetle outbreaks)

Best practices for design and delivery

• Prioritize strategic locations: Focus vegetative management efforts on areas of highest risk, such as community perimeters, evacuation routes and critical infrastructure
• Integrate topography: Align management zones with the landscape to maximize effectiveness and minimize costs
• Prioritize low-maintenance plants: Use drought-resistant, native, pest-resistant and non-invasive species to ensure sustainability
• Integrate ecosystem co-benefits: Pair vegetation clearing with invasive species removal

Equity and community considerations

• Apply Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Integrate Indigenous Knowledge of fire patterns, plant cycles and natural cues to guide where and how to conduct vegetative management and replacement (avoid removing plants or features with cultural significance during vegetation replacement projects)
• Incorporate public engagement opportunities: Facilitate volunteer programs to build awareness and community
• Encourage local employment: Engage local contractors and nurseries to stimulate community economy during vegetation projects

Costing and budgeting information

Vegetation management projects typically cost $5,000–$15,000 per hectare, depending on site condition and scope.

Key cost drivers include site mapping and design, community engagement and communications, physical work (e.g., vegetation removal, thinning, pruning), and PPE and other types of equipment for crews.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Leverage community volunteers for vegetation thinning and monitoring, providing honoraria for equity-deserving groups
• Schedule work during off-peak seasons to reduce contractor and equipment rental costs

Case studies and lessons learned

Volunteer-led vegetation clearing (Napatak, Saskatchewan, 2023)

Residents in Napatak organized a community-driven effort to clear flammable vegetation around homes. Supported by FireSmart principles and guidance, volunteers created defensible spaces and buffer zones to reduce wildfire risk. This initiative demonstrated how small northern communities can mobilize local resources effectively without relying on large budgets or costly contractors.

Lesson learned: Volunteer mobilization makes vegetation management feasible and cost-effective, even with limited financial resources.

Blood Tribe fire guardianship program (Alberta, 2022)

The Blood Tribe in Alberta launched a fire guardianship program to protect community sites from wildfire risk. This initiative combined Traditional Ecological Knowledge with other fire management practices, creating buffer zones and reducing hazardous vegetation. The community demonstrated a holistic approach to fire safety that respects cultural values while meeting mandated resilience standards.

Lesson learned: Indigenous-led programs can enhance wildfire safety with an approach that integrates Traditional Knowledge with modern fire management, sustaining cultural stewardship.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Canadian wildland fire prevention and mitigation strategy (Canadian Council of Forest Ministers) – This national framework emphasizes vegetation management as a core component of wildfire prevention. It outlines strategies for creating defensible spaces, reducing fuel loads and integrating Indigenous partnerships for land stewardship. It provides actionable steps for community-level vegetation control and highlights funding opportunities for prevention projects.

Critical infrastructure guide (FireSmart) – This video resource focuses on protecting essential infrastructure—such as utilities, clinics and emergency services—through strategic buffer zones and vegetation management. It includes examples of infrastructure-specific risk assessments and FireSmart design principles.

Crown land wildfire risk reduction planning guide (Province of British Columbia) – This comprehensive planning guide supports professionals in designing and implementing fuel management projects on Crown land. It includes detailed methodologies for site assessment, project design, regulatory compliance and monitoring, with a focus on buffer zones and ecological integrity.

Explore more wildfire resilience activities

Learn about other wildfire resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Prescribed and cultural burns
• Wildfire prevention training

Return to the Wildfire Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities 

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Fuel-reduced buffer zone: A cleared or thinned area around structures to slow wildfire spread and reduce ignition risk

Defensible space: A managed zone around buildings that allows firefighters to defend against wildfires safely

Vegetation management: The process of pruning, thinning or removing plants to reduce fire fuel loads

Prescribed fire: A controlled burn used to reduce vegetation and wildfire risk safely

Topography integration: Designing buffer zones to align with natural land features like ridgelines and watercourses

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Indigenous knowledge systems that guide land stewardship, fire patterns and ecological resilience

FireSmart: A Canadian program offering best practices for wildfire prevention and community safety

Personal protective equipment (PPE): Safety gear used by crews during vegetation clearing and fire mitigation work.

Prescribed and cultural burns strengthen community resilience by reducing wildfire risk and restoring ecosystems. Prescribed burning or cultural burning involves the planned and controlled application of fire to specific land areas to manage vegetation, lower hazardous fuels, and improve habitat. These practices increase community resilience by reducing the likelihood of severe wildfires, supporting biodiversity, and sustaining Indigenous land stewardship.

For small and rural communities, prescribed burns are an affordable, rapid intervention that enhances safety while strengthening cultural ties. They also allow communities to proactively manage risk rather than relying solely on reactive firefighting, which is particularly important when rural and remote regions have less access to firefighting resources.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver prescribed and cultural burn projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Plan collaboratively: Co-develop burn plans with Indigenous Knowledge holders, fire agencies¹, local firefighters and neighbouring communities

• Prepare a burn plan: Consider inputs (fuel, weather, geography), outputs (fire intensity, spread) and anticipated ecological impacts (wildlife, habitat, watershed)

• Assign leadership roles: Designate a certified burn boss and assign team roles for planning, operations, logistics, communications and monitoring

• Secure permits and approvals: Consult provincial/territorial authorities (e.g., wildfire services, parks management) and local fire services for compliance details

• Develop a smoke management plan: Outline timing, wind considerations, personal protective equipment (PPE) use and public notifications; include monitoring indicators and post-burn checks

• Keep team members informed: Hold a pre-burn briefing to confirm that all team members are aware of the burn plan, understand their roles and are aware of safety precautions

Best practices for design and delivery

• Follow ecological and seasonal cues: Braid meteorological data with Indigenous Knowledge (e.g., plant cycles, soil moisture, animal behaviour) to identify safe and effective burn windows

• Promote Indigenous leadership and co-management: Support Indigenous leadership and co-management throughout all project phases; advocate for the presence of cultural monitors during the burn to ensure that implementation follows traditional protocols

• Keep safety top of mind: Ensure all personnel are properly trained, equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and briefed on their specific roles and the communication plan

• Support communication: Provide advance notice of burn activities via letters, public notices, social media, and partnerships with local organizations to build public trust and understanding; build awareness of the purpose and impacts of a prescribed burn

Equity and community considerations

• Protect vulnerable residents: Connect with nearby residents who may be particularly vulnerable to smoke (e.g., older adults, people with respiratory illnesses) to develop clear smoke-communication plans (e.g., in-person outreach, community networks); provide PPE when feasible and use local community centres as clean-air shelters

• Communicate with a diversity of residents: Ensure that communications reach those without internet access (e.g., use posters, local radio, door-to-door info); create plain-language notices and translate into locally spoken languages

• Hire local and Indigenous contractors: Support local economic development through procuring local or Indigenous contractors and prioritizing workforce development in underemployed populations

Costing and budgeting information

Prescribed burns can cost $1,500–$8,000 per hectare, depending on site size, conditions and complexity.

Key cost drivers include equipment (e.g., drip torches, protective clothing, radios), transportation to and from remote sites, insurance and liability coverage, and post-burn monitoring and evaluation.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Select burn sites with clear access and minimal preparation needs

• Conduct burns in smaller phases and expanding as funding becomes available

• Form collaborative partnerships with wildfire agencies, training organizations and neighbouring communities to share resources, expertise and learnings

Case studies and lessons learned

Indigenous-led cultural burn restores a gathering site (Kluane First Nation, YT, 2023)

Kluane First Nation conducted a controlled cultural burn at Duke Meadow to rejuvenate an overgrown site, enabling the annual Yukon Handgames Championships. The project was led by Kluane citizens using Traditional Knowledge and local leadership, with support from the Yukon Wildland Fire Management team. The burn reduced hazardous vegetation, improved overall site safety and revitalized cultural practices tied to land stewardship.

Lesson learned: Collaborative planning that integrates Indigenous Knowledge and community priorities can simultaneously reduce wildfire risk, restore ecosystems and strengthen cultural identity.

Provincial partnership boosts local capacity to conduct a prescribed burn (Cook’s Ferry Indian Band, BC, 2023)

Cook’s Ferry Indian Band partnered with BC Wildfire Service to conduct a 150-hectare prescribed burn near Spence’s Bridge. The project aimed to lower wildfire risk for nearby communities by strategically reducing fuel loads and reintroducing fire into the ecosystem. Planning emphasized clear accountability and ongoing communication with external stakeholders to ensure safety and prevent future fire-related incidents.

Lesson learned: Partnerships with wildfire agencies can help small communities reduce risks. Success depends on transparent roles, continuous dialogue and shared responsibility throughout the process.

Prescribed burns as learning and capacity building opportunities (Saskatoon, SK, 2021)

The Meewasin Valley Authority conducted a five-acre prescribed burn at the Northeast Swale, a 300-hectare natural area in Saskatoon containing native grasslands, shrublands and wetlands. Supported by the Canadian Prairies Prescribed Fire Exchange (CPPFE), the burn served both ecological and educational objectives: reducing invasive shrubs and buildup of litter while providing hands-on training for new fire practitioners.

The event brought together Meewasin staff, municipal and academic partners, and volunteers from across Saskatchewan and Alberta, many of whom had completed CPPFE’s course, Introduction to Prescribed Fire in the Canadian Grassland Environment. The burn doubled as a live training opportunity, allowing participants to gain real-time experience with ignition, holding, and mop-up procedures under expert supervision.

Lesson learned: Integrating prescribed burns with structured training builds local capacity for safe, effective fire management while strengthening inter-agency collaboration and knowledge sharing across shared ecosystems.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

How to plan a burn (BC Wildfire Service) – This video guide provides a practical, step-by-step overview of how to safely plan and execute a prescribed burn in British Columbia. It covers key elements such as site selection, weather conditions, safety protocols, and coordination with local authorities to ensure effective and responsible fire use.

Traditional Ecological Fire Knowledge (Penticton Indian Band) – This case study provides guidance on integrating Traditional Knowledge into fire management approaches. It outlines implementing fuel reduction techniques, ensuring cultural protocols and safety, engaging communities through training, and conducting post-burn monitoring for adaptive management.

Prescribed fire factsheet (City of Saskatoon) – This factsheet outlines how prescribed fire is used as a land management tool to maintain healthy ecosystems and reduce wildfire hazards. It provides clear, accessible information for the public on benefits, safety measures and timing of burns in urban and natural areas.

Explore more wildfire resilience activities

Learn about other wildfire resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Vegetative management and replacement
• Wildfire prevention training

Return to the Wildfire Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Heat Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Prescribed burn: A planned fire conducted under controlled conditions to reduce hazardous fuels, improve ecosystem health and lower wildfire risk

Cultural burn: A fire intentionally set by Indigenous communities using Traditional Knowledge to restore landscapes, maintain cultural practices and support ecological balance

Burn plan: A detailed document outlining the objectives, methods, safety protocols and ecological considerations for conducting a prescribed or cultural burn

Burn boss: A certified individual responsible for overseeing the planning, execution and safety of a prescribed or cultural burn

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Indigenous knowledge systems based on generations of observation and interaction with the environment, used to guide land stewardship and fire practices

Smoke management plan: A strategy to minimize smoke impacts on communities, including timing, wind conditions, protective equipment and public communication

Cultural monitor: An Indigenous community member who ensures that cultural protocols are respected and followed during a burn

Clean air shelter: A designated indoor space with filtered air used to protect vulnerable residents from smoke exposure during burns or wildfires

Select resources

1. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/campaigns/wildfires/prov.html

    

    

Accessible cooling saves lives during extreme heat events. Cooling centres are designated facilities where residents can find relief from extreme heat, typically offering air conditioning, hydration and rest spaces.

They increase resilience by protecting heat-sensitive populations from heat-related illness, reducing health system strain and providing safe gathering places during heatwaves. In small and rural communities, cooling centres are especially critical where home air conditioning is limited or for residents who live alone.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Find appropriate facilities: Identify existing community facilities (e.g., community halls, libraries, recreation centres) that are suitable for use as cooling centres
• Determine operational requirements: Consider hours, staffing and occupational limits
• Procure supplies and equipment: Stock up on items such as fans, water, seating and first-aid kits
• Develop a public communication plan: Ensure there is a broad communication strategy to notify residents of locations and hours
• Implement in partnership: Coordinate with local organizations and volunteers to support operations and outreach (this may include providing resources for support organizations to extend their facility and service hours)

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design cooling centres to be engaging: Provide activities, food, games, entertainment and amenities (e.g., Wi-Fi, seating, beds, books, radios, TVs, headphones and children’s toys) to enhance comfort and create a space that people want to stay in
• Provide clear information: Communicate broadly about cooling centre location, hours, transportation options and amenities; ensure messaging is culturally relevant and use multiple languages (as needed) to reach diverse audiences
• Train volunteers and staff: Ensure cooling centre staff and volunteers are well informed on heat illness recognition and equity-based service delivery (e.g., cultural safety, non-violent communication)

Equity and community considerations

• Provide transportation options: Offer transport (e.g., carpools, shuttles, free public transportation) to cooling centres for residents without vehicles or with limited mobility
• Resource safe spaces for unhoused populations and/or people who use substances: Provide resourcing to support organizations serving these populations so they can extend their hours to host their own cooling spaces and develop relevant programming (spaces should offer storage areas for personal belongings and consider allowing pets to reduce barriers to access)
• Resource safe spaces for multilingual and culturally diverse communities: Provide resourcing to cultural organizations serving these populations so they can extend their hours to host their own cooling spaces and develop relevant programming

Costing and budgeting information

Cooling centres hosted in existing spaces can cost $100–$500 per hour to account for staffing of extended hours.

Key cost drivers for initial set-up of a cooling centre include the purchase and installation of air conditioning systems and the procurement of necessary amenities like seating and water stations. Ongoing key cost drivers include utilities, staffing, supplies, and possibly meals and refreshments.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Identify facilities that have cooling features, like air conditioning, already installed
• Partner with local organizations to host cooling centres in their facilities, which are already frequented by the community (e.g., libraries, churches, seniors centres) rather than unprogrammed areas like gyms with only tables and chairs, to save on supply costs
• Seek sponsorship support from local businesses for cooling kit supplies

Case studies and lessons learned

Accessible cooling centres to meet diverse needs (Sudbury, ON, 2023)

The City of Greater Sudbury developed a Hot Weather Response Plan to protect residents during extreme heat events. The plan emphasizes access to cooling centres for high-risk populations and coordinates a network of public buildings, libraries, community centres and pools to provide temporary relief. During extreme heat alerts, the city extends hours of operation for recreational facilities, keeps transit routes free and communicates heat warnings through multiple media platforms to ensure residents know where to access cooling.

Lesson learned: Prioritizing accessibility and coordination ensures that cooling centres effectively serve diverse community members with varying needs.

Dual-purpose warming and cooling centres strengthen community resilience (Lambton County, ON, 2022)

Pre-designated warming and cooling centres in Lambton County provide short-term relief during both extreme heat and cold events. Community partners, including recreation centres, libraries, health centres and municipal buildings, coordinate to open these spaces when extreme temperature alerts are issued by Lambton Public Health (LPH). LPH also chairs an Extreme Temperature Stakeholder Group that reviews response activities, shares seasonal lessons, and ensures staff and volunteers are prepared to protect residents from extreme temperatures.

Lesson learned: Small communities can maximize limited resources by designing dual-purpose community resilience centres that provide support for both extreme heat and extreme cold, leveraging community networks and coordinated outreach to protect residents year-round.

Pop-up cooling tents offer a mobile approach to cooling centres (Kelowna, BC, 2021)

During the June 2021 heat dome, the City of Kelowna recognized that existing cooling centres were not accessible to unhoused and insecurely housed residents. To address this gap, the city collaborated with more than 50 community partners to quickly mobilize a network of pop-up cooling tents in accessible downtown locations. Peer navigators staffed the tents to provide shade, water misters, and cooling supplies. Personal belonging storage programs allowed participants to safely store their belongings while using the cooling areas. Community outreach teams actively checked on people in public spaces, monitored for heat-related symptoms and shared information about accessible cooling locations.

Lesson learned: Pop-up and mobile cooling interventions, combined with strong collaborative networks, can effectively protect heat-vulnerable populations without adequate housing, particularly when traditional cooling centres are inaccessible. This approach demonstrates the value of flexible, community-driven strategies for rapid response during extreme heat events.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Creating cooling spaces during hot weather guidance (Vancouver Coastal Health) – This resource provides evidence-based guidance for community organizations to set up and operate inclusive, culturally safe and effective cooling spaces. It highlights best practices for protecting vulnerable populations, managing heat-related illness and creating equitable access during hot weather.

Indigenous cultural safety training (San’yas) – This online training on Indigenous cultural safety and anti-Indigenous racism is relevant for staff and volunteers at cooling centres. San’yas offers province-specific and French-language options across Canada, with certificates of completion. The First Nations Health Authority has a free webinar inspired by the training for those without a training budget.

Guidelines for cooling and warming centre locations and sign for a warming or cooling centre (Lambton Public Health) – This reference provides guidance on establishing pre-designated warming and cooling centres in response to extreme heat and cold alerts. It includes activation procedures, alert thresholds, accessibility requirements, partner notifications, operational guidance, visitor expectations and signage examples.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Heat safety outreach
• Shade structures

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Alert thresholds: Specific environmental or weather conditions (e.g., temperature, humidex) that, when reached or exceeded, trigger official notifications or activation of response measures such as cooling or warming centres

Cultural safety: A framework for creating environments where individuals feel respected, valued and free from discrimination, with services delivered in a way that acknowledges and addresses historical and systemic inequities, particularly for Indigenous Peoples and other equity-deserving groups

Heat dome: A prolonged period of excessively high temperatures over a region caused by a large, stationary high-pressure system that traps hot air. Heat domes often result in extreme heat events with significant health risks

Non-violent communication: A communication approach often used in community outreach and crisis response contexts, it emphasizes empathy, active listening and respectful dialogue to reduce conflict and foster collaboration

Providing shaded spaces reduces heat exposure and protects community health. Shade structures are built or installed in public spaces (e.g., parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and community gathering areas) to reduce sun exposure and prevent heat-related illness.

These spaces increase resilience by lowering ambient temperatures, creating comfortable outdoor areas and supporting community health during extreme heat events. For small and rural communities, shade structures are low-cost, flexible solutions that protect residents and provide long-term public benefits.

This guidance outlines key steps, best practices, costing information and case studies to help municipalities plan and deliver shade structure projects.

Key steps for successful implementation

• Identify priority locations: Consider where residents gather, play or spend extended periods outdoors, focusing on high-volume areas with few shade options
• Conduct broad engagement: Engage residents, landowners and local organizations for input and approvals
• Perform a shade audit: Evaluate sun exposure and determine wind direction for airflow by conducting a shade audit, as these factors may influence the structure’s orientation.
• Design the structure: Select a shade structure type, materials and size appropriate for the site (e.g., canopy, pergola, pavilion, tensile fabric)
• Develop a maintenance plan: Ensure durability and long-term effectiveness by planning for consistent maintenance from the start

Best practices for design and delivery

• Design for the sun’s movement: Orient structures to maximize shade during peak sunlight hours
• Build for the local climate: Use durable, weather-resistant materials suited to local climate conditions
• Design collaboratively with the community: Consider community input on design and aesthetics to encourage public use, foster a sense of ownership and offer a welcoming atmosphere; thoughtfully designed shade structures can also be used to showcase local art and providing a gathering space for Indigenous programming

Equity and community considerations

• Select locations with an equity lens: Prioritize shade structure placement in public spaces that are free to use and frequented by lower-income residents
• Protect the health of children and youth: Place shade structures in or near playgrounds, sports fields, skateparks and other recreational sites
• Ensure placement is accessible: Ensure the shaded site is easily accessible by strollers, wheelchairs, and people with mobility challenges

Costing and budgeting information

Installing a shade structure can cost $5,000–$20,000 depending on materials, size, and installation complexity.

Key cost drivers include materials, labour, design and maintenance.

To help reduce overall costs:

• Leverage additional funding from community art programs (e.g., shade structures that double as art installations) and social wellness programs (e.g., shade structures that encourage community gatherings and socialization)
• Use prefabricated or modular systems that are easier to install, reducing the need for labour and design
• Consider opportunities for community volunteers to help assemble and maintain the structure

Case studies and lessons learned

Improving outdoor accessibility with shade (Hamilton, ON, 2022)

The City of Hamilton installed a shade structure at the local Track & Field Centre to protect users from sun, rain and lightning, funded through the Canada Healthy Communities Initiative. The structure was designed for inclusivity, supporting individuals with mobility limitations, older adults and people with disabilities.

Lesson learned: Thoughtful design can provide shade and weather protection while enhancing accessibility and encouraging broader participation in outdoor recreation.

Engaging students and the community in shade construction (Powerview, MB, 2021)

Grade 11 and 12 students built an open-air wooden shade structure measuring about 8.5 by 12 metres for the schoolyard, funded by the Canadian Dermatology Association Shade Structure Grant Program. Teachers, local carpenters and other community members contributed expertise, tools and equipment. The project focused on creating a safe outdoor environment while teaching practical construction and teamwork skills.

Lesson learned: Partnering students with local experts fosters practical skills and ownership while strengthening community support for public infrastructure projects.

Art-inspired shade enhances public spaces (Edmonton, AB, 2023)

The CANOPY installation at Sir Winston Churchill Square combines art, design and climate adaptation to provide public shade. Designed by urbanist Jonathan Monfries, the installation used a sustainable interlocking waffle structure with seating. The project was part of The Works International Visual Arts Festival and was funded by the Edmonton Arts Council.

Lesson learned: Integrating art and design in shade infrastructure can provide cooling, aesthetic value and climate resilience, demonstrating innovative approaches for public space adaptation.

*Note: The case studies included on this page are for informational purposes and were not supported by the Green Municipal Fund.

Additional resources

Shade lookbook: A guide to designing sun safety (BC Cancer) – This resource provides guidance on designing, installing and maintaining built shade structures. It includes permanent (pergolas, gazebos), demountable (tents, shade sails), adjustable (awnings, umbrellas) and DIY options (textile shade, window coverings). It also contains funding information and details on structural integrity, safety, site compatibility, wind resistance and sustainability.

Shade audit information guide + tool (Region of Waterloo) – This guide and practical tool helps with assessing and increasing shade coverage in publicly accessible spaces during peak heat times. It was developed by the Waterloo Region Shade Working Group and tested in local schools, parks and municipal sites. Communities can use this resource to identify gaps in shade coverage, prioritize improvements and plan safe outdoor environments for vulnerable populations.

Heat-safe playground design resources (National Program for Play Area Safety) – This resource provides guidance and infographics to create playgrounds that remain safe and cool for children. It covers surface temperatures, shade coverage, equipment layout, airflow, material selection, maintenance and microclimate improvements.

Explore more heat resilience activities

Learn about other heat resilience project types and how they can support your community:

• Heat safety outreach
• Cooling centres

Return to the Heat Resilience Toolkit for Municipalities

Related toolkits

GMF offers additional toolkits to support municipalities facing different climate risks. 

• Flood Resilience Toolkit
• Wildfire Resilience Toolkit
• Community Facilities Toolkit

Glossary

Adjustable shade: Shade structures that can be modified or moved to change the amount or direction of shade, such as awnings, umbrellas or louvres

Built shade: Engineered or constructed structures designed to provide protection from sun, rain and other weather conditions; may include permanent, demountable, adjustable or DIY types

Demountable shade: Temporary or removable shade structures such as tents, marquees or shade sails that can be relocated or taken down as needed

Extreme heat event: Period of unusually high temperatures that poses health risks to humans

Microclimate: The localized climate conditions within a specific area, influenced by structures, vegetation and land features affecting temperature, wind and sun exposure

Permanent shade: Fixed or long-term shade structures, such as pergolas, gazebos or patio coverings that are designed to provide continuous protection from sun and rain

Shade audit: An assessment of outdoor spaces to measure existing shade coverage, identify areas lacking protection from the sun, and inform planning or improvements to increase shade for public safety and comfort

Tensile fabric: A strong, flexible material used in shade structures that relies on tension (rather than rigid supports) to maintain its shape and provide sun protection, often seen in sails, canopies or tensile membrane roof