Have you considered how to put equity at the centre of your tree planting projects? This factsheet explores ways that local governments and community partners can centre equity in their urban forestry plans and practices.  

 

What is tree equity?

Tree equity is a dimension of urban forestry that seeks to address disparities in how urban forests and other greenspaces are distributed in communities across Canada. It involves taking steps to improve access to local trees and greenspaces for those who are statistically the least likely to benefit from these spaces. By applying an equity lens to urban forestry, local governments and their partners can assess how trees are distributed across neighbourhoods in relation to factors such as race, culture, income or education. This can help inform tree planting efforts and ongoing tree maintenance.

Tree equity also means ensuring all communities have a voice and are active participants in the planning and management of tree planting projects. There are many ways to put equity at the centre of these projects. For example, you can prioritize planting more trees in low-income neighbourhoods, ensure accessibility features are included in project designs and hire suppliers and tradespeople from equity-deserving groups.

Beyond individual planting projects, local governments can work with community partners to ensure that the urban forest as a whole is managed in a way that is equitable and inclusive, involving multiple stakeholders and rights holders in decision making and stewardship. 

Why is advancing tree equity important? 

Advancing equity in urban forestry is vital to ensuring that the benefits provided by trees and greenspace are available to all.  

In Canada, historical and current instances of environmental racism have led to equity-deserving groups (including racialized residents, low-income residents and residents with disabilities) being more likely to live in neighbourhoods with low tree canopy cover and limited access to greenspaces. These trends appear in communities of all sizes.  

Key resource: Nature Canada’s report, Bringing the Canopy to All, shows that in communities across Canada, neighbourhoods with greater proportions of low-income and racialized residents often have lower tree canopy cover than more affluent and less racialized neighbourhoods.

The social, environmental and economic benefits provided by trees are indispensable in creating liveable and healthy communities. Communities that lack adequate tree coverage are more vulnerable to health impacts from environmental hazards like extreme heat, air pollution and flooding. By improving access to trees and adopting equity-focused approaches to urban forest projects, local governments can: 

  • Reduce the number of heat-related deaths and illnesses in equity-deserving communities.
  • Lower residents’ utilities bills in areas experiencing energy poverty.
  • Create outdoor gathering spaces to increase social connection and improve mental and physical health in nature-deprived areas.
  • Improve resilience to flooding and other extreme weather events in high-risk areas with aging infrastructure. 

For more information on the benefits of trees, review our factsheet on making the case for trees in your community.

Equity Goals – The 3-30-300 Rule (conceived by urban forester Cecil Konijnendijk in this article)

The 3-30-300 rule states that everyone should be able to see at least three trees from their home, that all neighbourhoods should have at least a 30 percent tree canopy, and that all residents should have a greenspace of at least one hectare within 300 metres of where they live.
 
Nature Canada offers other considerations for equitable urban forests, including that everyone should have access to high-quality and biodiverse urban forests, and that everyone should have the opportunity to be active participants in governance and decision-making. 

How can local governments advance tree equity through urban forestry? 

Advancing tree equity requires a vision, setting priorities, innovative thinking to shift the status-quo, collaboration and accountability. Where resources are limited, local governments should prioritize investing in low-income neighborhoods with low canopy cover. These investments have the potential to provide greater benefits, significantly improve quality of life and create resilience to climate change impacts.  

Wherever possible, local governments should collaborate with community organizations, particularly those led by equity-deserving groups, to collect data, lead consultations and inform decision-making. 

Assess your urban tree canopy cover to identify opportunities for equitable planting 

An important first step is to create a baseline tree inventory and canopy cover assessment. Conducting a spatial inventory using aerial or satellite imagery will help determine which areas have low canopy cover. If you already have a more detailed tree inventory, you can use it to learn more about specific gaps or areas with fewer and less diverse trees.

Next, collect data about the communities living in these areas. You can use census data or other surveying techniques to learn about the people living in these neighbourhoods. Resources such as HealthyPlan.City or American Forests’ Tree Equity Score can help you understand how different equity indicators, such as income, race or age, are represented across your community and in areas with low canopy cover.  

For more information on tools and technologies that can be used to help map and monitor urban forests, review our urban forestry technology and tools factsheet

Example: The Region of Peel, ON, brought together planners, conservation authorities, foresters, municipal officials and public health professionals to identify the environmental, economic and social priorities that could be addressed by tree planting. The group developed a detailed map identifying neighbourhood vulnerabilities to issues such as extreme heat. This map combined data such as canopy cover, socioeconomic factors and the adaptive capacity of each neighbourhood to create a Vulnerability Index Score. Peel is using the scores now to prioritize tree planting initiatives in neighbourhoods across the region.  

Develop urban forestry plans and policies that centre equity and create accountability 

Plans made today about planting, tree protection and management will have lasting impacts for generations. An urban forest management plan (UFMP) articulates a local government’s goals and sets out a roadmap for implementation and tracking progress made towards the management, expansion and protection of healthy and resilient urban forests.

If your municipality does not currently have a UFMP or is planning a new edition, consider how equity can be embedded in the plan as a key performance indicator or a guiding principle. This will create greater accountability for including equity considerations in future planting or management activities. A UFMP should have information on the current state of the urban forest (including areas with low tree equity) and a list of priority actions to address identified gaps.

If your municipality is not currently updating or developing a UFMP, consider other policy opportunities or strategic initiatives to increase equity. This could include creating or updating a tree planting action strategy that centres tree equity, developing tree protection bylaws, or updating your municipality’s public engagement strategy to better connect with diverse communities.  

Example: The City of Winnipeg’s Urban Forest Strategy integrates equity considerations as foundational principles. It lays out specific goals and actions to achieve equitable distribution of tree and forest assets across the community and to foster Reconciliation and stewardship through purposeful partnerships. 

Involve equity deserving groups in decision-making

A key aspect of equity-focused urban forestry is gaining perspectives and input from diverse communities, particularly those that are historically marginalized and underserved. The following are some best practices related to community engagement:

  • Provide information that is culturally and linguistically accessible.
  • Consult communities on the timing, format and location of any public consultation activities. Provide accommodations so that they can actively participate.
  • Seek out and include all relevant community members, including Indigenous peoples whose rights may be affected by urban forest management activities.  
  • Approach different equity-deserving groups based on their specific protocols for engagement and in collaboration with community organizations representing these groups.
  • Build intentional relationships with diverse communities at all stages of the planning process. Before making any decisions, gather input on community values and interests. Continue engagement after a project is complete.  

Working with external consultants with lived experience who specialize in conducting community-based consultations with equity-deserving groups is an important way to ensure your engagement approaches follow best practices.  

Example: Halifax Regional Municipality adopted specific consultation strategies for engaging with Indigenous, African Canadian and Acadian and Francophone communities in the development of its Urban Forest Management Plan. An engagement summary for each community group is included with the materials for the draft plan.  

Key resource: Tamarack Institute’s guide to advancing climate equity through place-based collaboration highlights important questions, ideas, stories and resources that local governments can use to collaborate and engage meaningfully with community members. 

Leverage partnerships to achieve tree planting and other equity goals 

Ambitious tree planting in communities across Canada is needed to meet canopy cover targets and increase tree equity. However, planting trees in areas with low canopy cover is often challenging due to the lack of plantable areas, high impervious surface cover, poor soil quality and other factors.

An important way to tackle this challenge is to leverage partnerships to increase access to plantable spaces and get more trees into the ground. Partnerships with community organizations and housing projects, schools, hospitals and other places with suitable land and community access can provide opportunities to increase canopy cover in neighbourhoods where people live, work and go to school.  

On private property, programs designed to encourage and subsidize planting trees for residents, schools and businesses are important ways to increase canopy cover. For the survival and health of the trees planted, build in educational opportunities to ensure trees are planted properly and to cultivate a shared stewardship over the trees in your community.

Collectively, these partnerships offer ways to extend the benefits of the urban forest across more of the community, foster public buy-in, and integrate more perspectives and experiences into the management of the urban forest. 

Example: La Société de verdissement du Montréal métropolitain (Soverdi) is a non-governmental organization that works with local governments and institutional and other private landowners in Montreal to identify suitable locations and plant trees to provide canopy cover to equity-deserving communities who will benefit the most.  

Next steps

Here are additional resources that can help you get started with advancing tree equity and growing community canopies: 


This resource was created in partnership by Tree Canada and FCM’s Green Municipal Fund for the Growing Canada’s Community Canopies initiative, which is delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and funded by the Government of Canada.   

 

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For over 25 years, FCM’s Sustainable Communities Conference (SCC) has provided municipalities with the tools, knowledge and networks they need to build more sustainable communities across Canada.

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Are you looking for ways to make your urban forest more resilient? This factsheet explains what tree diversity means in the context of an urban forest and how tree diversity contributes to both climate resilience and urban biodiversity. It highlights approaches municipal staff, including urban foresters and other sustainability professionals can take to make their urban forests more resilient and biodiverse through tree planting and protection. 

The importance of tree species diversity   

Integrating diverse tree species into urban forest management is an important step towards creating a more resilient urban forest. Urban forests and the many benefits they provide are threatened by pests, disease and extreme weather. With extreme weather events like storms, floods and droughts on the rise, increasing tree diversity through strategic planting and management is vital for making urban forests more resilient. 

Tree species diversity measures the richness and evenness of tree species within an urban forest. Species richness refers to the total number of different tree species present, while species evenness indicates how evenly those species are represented. High species diversity is characterized by a variety of tree species represented evenly. 

At the scale of an entire municipality, many Canadian urban forests are species-rich. This is due to the variety of trees planted in private gardens, native trees that exist in patches of remnant or restored ecosystems, and publicly planted trees on city streets and in parks. However, at both the scale of an entire municipality and at a smaller scale (e.g., a street or city block), the species evenness of most urban forests is poor. This leads to urban forests with low diversity and lower resilience to environmental stressors, like pests and extreme weather events. 

How urban forests with high tree diversity are more resilient to pests and diseases

Major pests and disease outbreaks like Dutch elm disease and emerald ash borer infestations have decimated urban populations of American elm and green ash trees, showing the importance of species diversity in urban forests. At their peaks, these trees made up a large portion of the urban forest in cities and towns across North America. In many cases, they were planted unevenly, making up more than half the trees planted on city streets and in parks. The loss of these dominant species revealed urban forest vulnerabilities that resulted in substantial canopy loss.

Municipalities can avoid this type of devastating canopy loss in the future by planting tree species with an eye to increasing diversity. 

How species diversity contributes to climate resilience

Urban forests can “climate-proof” a city in various ways, including cooling streets during heatwaves and mitigating the effects of flooding.

Diverse urban forests are even more effective at climate-proofing, exhibiting greater resilience to extreme weather events like droughts and floods. A diverse urban forest is more resilient to drought, for example, because different tree species have varying levels of drought tolerance. Drought-tolerant species continue to grow normally, preserving the overall health of the urban forest as other, less tolerant species struggle during a drought.

As trees have long lives, consider selecting species that can thrive in future climatic conditions in your community. Select both native and non-native species adaptable to a wide range of hardiness zones, or those found at the southern edge of your municipality’s hardiness zone. These trees will be better equipped to handle extreme weather and rising temperatures. 

Cities like Vancouver, British Columbia have created urban tree lists that take climate resilience into account, providing a model for other municipalities that want to select suitable tree species.

Case study: Planting trees using functional diversity measurements in Montreal, Qc

Montreal has committed to planting 500,000 trees as part of its 2030 Climate Plan. To inform species selection for climate resilience, the city undertook a study assessing the functional diversity of its urban forest.  

Functional diversity groups tree species together based on similar functionality rather than taxonomic groupings. Functional groupings are linked to the ecosystem services each species provides (e.g., large, drought-resistant trees). The proportions of functional groups in an urban forest can represent how that urban forest will respond to future stress, particularly future climate change stressors.  

The study revealed that Montreal’s urban forest had low functional diversity (3.7/9), making it vulnerable to the effects of climate change and biotic threats (i.e., pests and diseases). However, by strategically choosing species for its planting target, a high functional diversity (8.2/9) could be reached, significantly enhancing urban forest resilience.  

Read the final report to learn more.

 

How tree species diversity supports biodiversity

Diverse tree species also offer varied habitats and food sources for wildlife. For instance, eastern white cedars provide cover for small birds, while white oaks produce acorns for birds and mammals to eat. Increasing tree diversity in urban forests supports wildlife, which is crucial in urban ecosystems where food and habitat are often scarce. While native species typically offer better habitat for local wildlife, carefully chosen non-native species can also play a role, particularly in challenging urban conditions. Non-invasive, non-native trees can provide temporary corridors for wildlife, facilitating movement between higher-quality habitats. 

How your municipality can promote and advance species diversity 

  1. Conduct tree and plantable space inventories: A tree inventory provides insights into species diversity within an urban forest. An urban forest’s vulnerabilities cannot be reduced if its species diversity is not known. Inventorying the trees located in publicly owned streets and parks is the best way to understand the tree diversity in your municipality.  

    Doing an inventory of spaces where trees could be planted will identify available locations for new plantings of diverse species in your municipality. Planting in these locations not only supports a more resilient urban forest but also promotes its growth. Tree and plantable space inventories can be conducted using software like i-Tree or geographic information systems (GIS).
     

  2. Make enhancing tree diversity your goal when selecting species to plant: Based on your tree inventory, create a plan to prioritize (and de-prioritize) certain tree species for planting. With inventory data in hand, your municipality can develop a planting plan that will start to balance out species diversity. For example, your municipality may choose only to plant tree species that make up less than 10 percent of its urban forest. Whenever possible, prioritize native and larger trees for their ecological benefits, while considering non-native, non-invasive species in constrained urban environments.

    One guiding principle for minimizing urban forest vulnerabilities is the 10-20-30 rule. It suggests that there should be no more than 10 percent of a single species, 20 percent of a single genus and 30 percent of a single family in an urban tree population. Although challenging to implement, this guideline serves as a benchmark for enhancing species diversity and increasing urban forest resilience. 
     

  3. Conserve existing tree diversity in your community: Maintaining and protecting existing trees, especially those that are large and mature, is important to promote species diversity and urban forest resiliency.

    Larger and more mature trees provide greater ecosystem services and biodiversity support than newly planted trees. Individually, they are also more resilient to extreme weather or biotic threats and have much lower mortality rates than newly planted trees. Large and mature trees need to be managed for long-term urban forest resilience and diversity goals to be met. They should be maintained and protected to support urban forest health and growth. 
     

  4. Engage with the community to promote diverse tree planting and conservation: Education and engagement are great ways to connect residents with nature and raise awareness of urban forest management practices. Share the results of your inventories with residents and explain the importance of tree diversity and tree protection in creating a more biodiverse and resilient urban forest.  

    Connecting with residents can also lead to new opportunities for planting as homeowners and other landowners may have available plantable space on their properties. In many municipalities, tree diversity and ecosystem services can peak in residential neighbourhoods because these locations often have the space available to plant medium and large trees.  

    Consider creating lists of preferred species to plant based on tree diversity and available space. Share these lists publicly to guide residents and landowners in species selection and to advance municipal tree planting goals.  

Next steps

Explore how other communities have integrated tree species diversity into their urban forestry plans and tree planting strategies: 


This resource was created in partnership by Tree Canada and FCM’s Green Municipal Fund for the Growing Canada’s Community Canopies initiative, which is delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and funded by the Government of Canada. 

 

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The Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) model is transforming how municipalities across Canada finance home energy upgrades, making it easier for homeowners to reduce emissions, improve energy efficiency, and lower energy costs. Yet, the success of these programs depends on enabling legislation that varies widely from province to province.

An overview of PACE Legislation in Canada provides a detailed analysis of the legislative landscape, highlighting where PACE frameworks already exist, where gaps remain, and how municipalities can leverage these frameworks to launch or scale financing programs.

Why PACE financing matters

PACE programs allow homeowners to access financing for energy upgrades—such as heat pumps, insulation, and solar panels—with no upfront costs. Repayments are tied to property taxes, making the loan transferable if the property is sold. This innovative model reduces financial barriers for homeowners and encourages long-term investments in energy efficiency. This report sheds light on the policy gaps and opportunities for expanding PACE frameworks nationwide.

What you’ll find in the report

  • Provincial and territorial legislative overview: Learn which regions have adopted PACE-enabling legislation and where policy development is still needed.
  • Policy insights: Gain a deeper understanding of the key features of existing PACE legislation in Canada—such as the eligibility of resiliency measures, available administration models, and variations in program design across jurisdictions.
  • Opportunities for municipal leadership: Explore how municipalities can take advantage of existing frameworks to deliver energy retrofits and reduce emissions.
  • Flexible financing models: Learn how PACE programs can be tailored to meet diverse local needs, enabling both residential retrofits and commercial energy upgrades to drive long-term energy efficiency improvements.

Real-world impact: PACE financing in action

While this report provides a policy-level overview, programs like Kingston’s Better Homes initiative, Saskatoon's Home Energy Loan Program and Saanich’s heat pump financing pilot highlight the real-world benefits of PACE financing. These examples demonstrate how accessible financing can cut emissions, reduce energy poverty, and create jobs—showcasing the potential of PACE programs across Canada. Other great examples include the Better Homes Ottawa Program, the Clean Energy Improvement Program in Alberta and the Switch Program in Maritimes.   

Who should read this report?

This report is designed for:

  • Municipal decision-makers exploring energy retrofit financing solutions
  • Policymakers and provincial governments working to align climate goals with energy policies
  • Financial institutions and investors interested in low-risk, high-impact financing models
  • Non-profit organizations and energy advocates promoting sustainable, equitable financing options

Download the report

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Have you considered investing in your community’s urban tree canopy? This factsheet is designed specifically for municipal staff, including urban foresters and climate action teams, who are involved in enhancing and managing their community’s green spaces. This resource will help you develop a strong business case to elected officials for investing in your community’s urban tree canopy by highlighting the numerous environmental, economic and social benefits that urban forests offer. 

How investing in urban forests benefits local governments

Establishing a long-term vision that prioritizes urban forests as critical urban infrastructure is a cost-effective investment that provides numerous municipal services to the community, such as:

  • Offering green infrastructure services that municipalities are already responsible for, including stormwater management, air quality improvement and carbon sequestration.
  • Reducing the impacts of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide, reducing the urban heat island effect and managing stormwater during heavy rainfalls.
  • Increasing resilience to climate impacts like flooding and heatwaves.
  • Improving health and well-being with better air quality, more shade, reduced stress, and more greenspaces for recreation and social interaction. 

Trees provide vital ecosystem services

Ecosystem services are benefits that nature offers to support well-being. Trees provide carbon sequestration, stormwater management, cooling and air filtration.  

These services are extremely valuable because they make cities more resilient to climate change. For example, the annual value of ecosystem services by the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario, which includes the Niagara regions and portions of the City of Hamilton and Haldimand, is estimated at $331 million. 

Trees are a low-cost way to create climate-resilient communities

Trees help absorb and slow stormwater runoff, reducing flood risks. Their roots stabilize soil, preventing erosion, while their canopies can shield against strong winds. Although trees can be vulnerable to storm damage, well-planned urban forests are better able to withstand severe weather events. 

Investing in green infrastructure delivers substantial returns. For example, urban forests in Toronto have demonstrated  up to $3.20 for every $1.00 invested.

Trees can help improve public health

Trees foster community health and well-being by providing green spaces for recreation and social interaction. They improve public health by reducing stress and air pollution.

For example, PaRX is a nature prescription program that emphasizes nature as a tool for improving mental and physical health. 

 

Six steps for building a business case for your urban forest

A strong business case for your urban forest can help secure support and funding for tree initiatives in your community. The following six steps provide a structured approach for assessing the value of urban forests, engaging the right stakeholders and driving decision-making. 

Step 1: Assess ecosystem services

Develop a list of the benefits trees can provide in your community and collect data on the ecosystem services they provide (e.g., stormwater management, air quality improvement, etc.).  

Action: Consider conducting a needs assessment for your community (e.g., reducing heat islands, managing stormwater and promoting biodiversity) to determine which needs are a priority and which tree species can help meet those needs. You can make use of various data sources for this process, including publicly available census information, heat mapping and flood risk maps. Many municipalities are using the Natural Assets Initiative’s Roadmap Program to help kickstart their natural asset management journey. 

Step 2: Conduct an economic analysis

Help decision-makers understand that trees are a cost-effective infrastructure investment by analyzing the value they provide and the cost of replacing them. Integrate this analysis with existing asset management systems to compare the value of natural assets (trees and green spaces) with built assets (roads and buildings).  

Action: Seek out examples from other municipalities and academic research to quantify the economic benefits of urban forests, such as energy savings and increased property values. These can be estimated for a given municipality using the i-Tree Eco tool

Step 3: Engage people

Use a tailored approach to engage different groups within the boundaries of the municipality. This means recognizing the unique needs and interests of various groups and adapting engagement methods accordingly. Consult widely using different methods (e.g., surveys, public forums, community conversations, etc.) to gather input from as many community members as possible—particularly from equity-deserving groups. These diverse perspectives will reveal insights into the importance of urban forests in your community. 

Action: Embed equity into your urban forest project. The Tamarack Institute’s Guide for Advancing Climate Equity Through Place-Based Collaboration has ideas, stories, resources and best practices that can help.  

Step 4: Tell the story

Use stories and tangible data to make the case to decision-makers and the broader community. Focus on the benefits that resonate most with your audience (e.g., economic, environmental, social, health-related, etc.).

Action: Consider how urban forests can help achieve municipal commitments towards reconciliation and equity goals, particularly for areas of need and in underserved communities (e.g., neighborhoods with limited access to green spaces or those experiencing urban heat islands).  

Step 5: Start small

Start with small, achievable actions such as developing policies and/or bylaws that ensure newly planted trees are climate-resilient, pest-resistant and tolerant to local conditions. 

Action: Begin by assessing whether your municipality has existing policies, bylaws or plans that support climate-resilient tree planting and protection. If such frameworks are absent, outline a set of steps to initiate their development (e.g., forming a working group of key stakeholders, conducting a gap analysis of current practices, consulting with urban forestry experts, drafting initial policy proposals and engaging the public/council for feedback). If policies or bylaws already exist, consider reviewing and updating them to ensure they’re effective and relevant to current environmental challenges. 

Step 6: Ensure effectiveness

Ongoing monitoring and evaluation are essential to understanding the successes and challenges of your project. Ensure that you define clear indicators, use the appropriate technology for data collection (e.g., GIS mapping, drones, remote sensing) to monitor tree health and growth, changes in canopy cover and other key indicators. 

Action: Regularly publish reports and updates on the performance of your urban forest. Highlight successes, best practices and lessons learned.  

Trees are integral to your community

Planting and protecting trees in your community is more than a beautification effort. Trees are essential assets that provide environmental, social and economic returns. They are a low-cost way to make your community more climate-resilient while providing essential ecosystem services, improving public health and inspiring people. Strategies for making the case for urban forests can help you work with your community to achieve these vital benefits and have a long-lasting impact. 


This resource was created in partnership by Tree Canada and FCM’s Green Municipal Fund for the Growing Canada’s Community Canopies initiative, which is delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and funded by the Government of Canada. 

 

 

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This article is part of a series called Transforming communities with Sustainable Affordable Housing. The series demonstrates how energy-efficient, community-centered housing can foster resilience and well-being. Discover practical solutions for affordable, climate-friendly homes that improve lives and build a sustainable future.


In Saskatoon, SK, the National Affordable Housing Corporation (NAHC) has set a new standard with Aspen Heights, a 56-unit townhouse development that combines energy efficiency with affordability. Completed in 2024, Aspen Heights is a mixed affordable-market development that provides a fresh approach to affordable housing, where comfort, sustainability, and community truly come together. As Stacie Beever, Chief Operating Officer of NAHC, reflects, “There are so many successes worth noting and celebrating at Aspen Heights—including the achievements of our team and our high-needs tenants.”

A wide-angle aerial view of the Aspen Heights development in Saskatoon. It consists of several two-storey townhouse complexes with blue and white exterior paneling and brown peaked roofs.
 
A place to call home

Aspen Heights offers two- and three-bedroom townhomes, with 30 percent reserved for low-income households, including families and individuals with mental health and developmental needs. These homes are built with energy-saving features like extra-thick walls, insulated concrete foundations for better warmth, high-quality insulation, heat pumps that have natural gas backups, and triple-pane windows. Together, these features help keep utility costs low for residents and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.  
 


“Access to quality homes like those at Aspen Heights truly changes lives,” Beever notes, “for those who may not otherwise have the means to live in new areas and communities like this.” 

These sustainable features don’t just help the environment—they also keep costs predictable for tenants, helping them build stable lives and plan for the future.

Building connections and supporting residents

Aspen Heights is more than just a collection of homes; it’s a place where people connect and feel supported. Post-occupancy surveys reveal that two-thirds of affordable rental residents feel a stronger sense of community here. Many have reported an increased sense of safety and security—demonstrating NAHC’s commitment to creating a supportive and inclusive environment. 

“The transformations we’ve witnessed through quality housing and our tenants' newfound stability,” says Beever, “are a testament to our team’s commitment to doing what’s right for communities in Saskatchewan.”

Three people cut a ribbon outside a home in the Aspen Heights development in Saskatoon.
 
Rising to the challenge with innovation

Building a net-zero ready development in the harsh prairie climate has given NAHC opportunities to innovate and adapt. During the first two years at Aspen Heights, the air source heat pumps needed extra support, especially on Saskatoon’s coldest days. Rising to the challenge, NAHC brought in specialized HVAC experts to fine-tune the system, optimizing heating to keep residents comfortable year-round. The insights gained from Aspen Heights have already shaped NAHC’s approach to future projects. They recently completed Willow Grande, a 60-unit development with centralized commercial air source heat pumps powered by solar panels, and they are well underway on a second project, Aspen North, which further builds on the lessons learned from Aspen Heights and Willow Grande. These advancements—made possible through the learnings and support from GMF-backed projects like Aspen Heights and Plainsview Townhomes—have paved the way for more resilient, sustainable housing models across Saskatchewan.

The interior of a home in the Aspen Heights development in Saskatoon. The image shows a brand new kitchen with a refrigerator, stove, island and counter space. It has dark wood floors and white cabinets and appliances.
 
A lasting model for sustainable living

Aspen Heights has sparked economic activity in Saskatoon by creating jobs during construction and supporting ongoing employment in property management and tenant support. Staff roles, such as the Director of Tenant Inclusion & Support, ensure that residents feel at home and secure year-round. 

“The commitment to quality housing at Aspen Heights changes lives, allowing individuals and families to build brighter futures in homes they’re proud to call their own."

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This article is part of a series called Transforming communities with Sustainable Affordable Housing. The series demonstrates how energy-efficient, community-centered housing can foster resilience and well-being. Discover practical solutions for affordable, climate-friendly homes that improve lives and build a sustainable future.


In Fort Saskatchewan, AB, Heartland Housing Foundation (HHF) has transformed the local affordable housing landscape with its first net-zero energy building. Completed in June 2023, this innovative 83-unit complex was designed to meet high sustainability standards while addressing the urgent need for affordable housing in the area. Supported by the Green Municipal Fund (GMF)’s Sustainable Affordable Housing (SAH) initiative, HHF’s project demonstrates how affordable, energy-efficient housing can be both impactful and scalable.

A wide-angle aerial view of the Heartland Housing Foundation's complex in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. It has two adjoined buildings, each four storeys, with an exterior designed with a blue, red and white mosaic pattern. The roofs are covered in solar panels, and the parking lot also features several large solar panels that each serve as a cover above 5-10 parking spots.
 
A critical addition to Fort Saskatchewan’s housing options

Fort Saskatchewan, a growing community near Edmonton, has faced significant challenges in meeting the affordable housing needs of local families, single parents, and individuals with disabilities. The HHF project responded to this demand by introducing a range of studio, one-, two-, and three-bedroom units, all offered at below-market rates. Within 80 days of opening, the building was fully occupied, and a waitlist quickly formed, highlighting the community’s strong need for accessible, affordable housing. “We could fill another building today if we had it,” shared Nancy Simmonds, CEO of HHF, reflecting on the overwhelming demand.

Sustainability and affordability working together

At its core, the new development reflects HHF’s commitment to both environmental sustainability and long-term affordability. Equipped with 1,100 solar panels, a high-performance building envelope, and electric HVAC systems, the complex achieves net-zero energy usage by generating as much energy as it consumes. The benefits extend directly to residents, reducing utility costs and helping families save for their future. 

“This project proves that net-zero design doesn’t have to increase costs for non-profit organizations when grants are available to support these innovations,” said Simmonds. 

HHF’s design choices demonstrate how sustainable solutions can reduce the operational costs of affordable housing, benefiting both tenants and the environment.

Another wide-angle view of the Heartland Housing Foundation's complex in Fort Saskatchewan
 
Building community through partnerships

HHF has collaborated with several community partners to enhance resident support and well-being. The Robin Hood Association, which assists individuals with disabilities, occupies eight units in the building and provides vital onsite services to its clients. By offering accessible, integrated housing, HHF helps the Robin Hood Association support residents in a way that fosters community and independence. Additionally, HHF has partnered with Family and Community Support Services (FCSS), which conducts outreach for residents who may need extra support. “It’s important to us that our tenants feel supported,” Simmonds explained. “Through these partnerships, we’re not just providing housing; we’re helping residents thrive.”

A bird's-eye view of the Heartland Housing Foundation's complex in Fort Saskatchewan, showing rows of solar panels on the roofs and covering the parking lot.
 
Overcoming challenges and looking forward

The journey to complete the net-zero project was not without its challenges. Delays in securing utility agreements meant the building’s solar systems weren’t fully operational until eight months after opening. Yet, HHF persevered, learning valuable lessons along the way. “We’ve had to think creatively within the constraints of our funding, but it’s been worth it. We now have a model we can replicate in future projects,” Simmonds noted.

Looking forward, HHF is already planning its next development in Sherwood Park, where a 100-unit project will serve a range of residents, from seniors to single parents. With each new project, HHF aims to incorporate the lessons learned from Fort Saskatchewan, including the importance of community spaces and adaptable unit sizes. 

“Our goal is to build housing that supports long-term community and resilience,” Simmonds emphasized. “This project has given us the confidence and insights to keep moving forward.”

A model for sustainable affordable housing

The Fort Saskatchewan project is an example of what’s possible when affordability meets sustainability. Through its innovative design, community-centered approach, and strategic partnerships, HHF has set a new standard for affordable housing in Alberta. 

“Providing safe, affordable, and sustainable homes allows families and individuals to build their futures in a place they’re proud to call home.”

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Summary

Residential homes contribute approximately 25 percent of Saskatoon's emissions, highlighting their significance in the city's strategy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. To address this, Saskatoon introduced the Home Energy Loan Program (HELP), offering homeowners low-interest loans for energy-efficiency and renewable-energy retrofits. The city is also exploring options to expand the program to multi-unit residential and commercial buildings.

Background

In 2019, the City of Saskatoon, SK, identified energy-efficient home retrofits as a key opportunity to reduce its emissions. With 79 percent of homes built before 2006, many are due for upgrades. The high rate of home ownership, along with the fact that 16 percent of households face energy poverty, makes this an important issue to address.

Project goals

The city wanted to make it easier for single-family homeowners to improve energy efficiency, switch to renewable energy and reduce water use. To support this, they launched a property assessed clean energy (PACE) program, offering low-interest loans and rebates to help make these upgrades more affordable.

Approach

Saskatoon launched its Home Energy Loan Program (HELP) in September 2021 using internal funding and expanded it in 2022 with financial support from FCM’s Green Municipal Fund (GMF) and its Community Efficiency Financing (CEF) initiative. It is the first program of its kind in Saskatchewan.

Through HELP, owners of single-family homes who are in good standing with the city can apply for home-retrofit loans that are repaid through property taxes over 5-, 10- or 20-year fixed terms. Loans are tied to the property, meaning that if someone sells their home, the new owner takes on the loan payments.

The city prioritizes and encourages energy-efficiency retrofits as opposed to solely transitioning to electricity, since natural gas heating is more affordable than electricity and the province’s electrical grid remains reliant on fossil fuels.

The program was immediately popular and needed a waitlist shortly after applications opened. It includes:

  • Low-interest, fixed-rate loans of between $1,000 and $40,000 to cover eligible retrofits, or up to $60,000 for deep energy retrofits that result in a reduction in energy usage of more than 50 percent.
  • Rebates for qualifying homes and projects.
  • Additional benefits such as higher rebates and waived admin fees for income-qualified households.
  • Additional tools and services (some introduced later) including a vetted contractor list, energy coaching, a solar potential map, a real estate agent training program and a home energy map that estimates a home’s energy score and suggests ways to improve.
A person wearing a black puffy jacket standing in front of a white house with solar panels on its roof.

 

Barriers

There was a high demand for EnerGuide audits, creating long wait times due to limited local resources. However, wait times improved as new companies offering these services became available. The program also created a high demand for contractors, which affected timelines, since many renovations cannot be completed during winter. This situation has since improved due to training and relationship-building, including offering contractors a webinar and a two-day boot camp focused on building envelopes and highly efficient technologies and equipment.

Results

Program results as of October 2024 include:

  • 319 homeowners approved to participate
  • 126 participants with completed projects
  • 8 completed deep energy retrofits
  • 35 GJ average energy reduction per household
  • 2.1 tCO2e average greenhouse gas reduction per household
  • $3,145,312 paid out in loans
  • $188,659 paid out in rebates, $113,960 of which went to lower-income households
  • $20,211 in utility cost savings for homeowners after the program’s first year

The top three retrofits undertaken by participants included upgrading windows and doors, installing high-efficiency furnaces and insulating attics.

Of participants who answered the city’s survey, 89 percent said they were satisfied with the financing they received, and of those, only 4 percent said they would have done the same upgrades without financing—demonstrating the program’s impact in increasing the number of home energy upgrades in the city.

Benefits

Equity and inclusion are an important part of HELP. Thirty percent of participants are from income-qualified households, which exempts them from the $500 administration fee and gives them access to additional rebates, such as $180 for a smart thermostat and up to $1,200 for window replacements.

The program has delivered strong economic benefits. In its first year, HELP is estimated to have generated $3.5 million in economic impact, added $280,000 in production taxes and creating 14 new jobs. An economic impact study provided by the Saskatoon Regional Economic Development Authority (SREDA) estimates that by the end of 2025, the program will generate an additional $10.3 million in total economic output, $810,000 in additional taxes and 43 new jobs.

Before the existence of HELP and Canada Greener Homes, air-source heat pumps were virtually unheard of in Saskatchewan. Thanks in part to their promotion through HELP as an energy-efficient alternative to air conditioners, their use has become more normalized in the province.

Lessons learned

As the program has progressed, the city has adjusted various aspects to reflect learnings. For example: 

  • Deadlines were added to program requirements to encourage homeowners to complete projects more quickly and to allow for inactive participants to be replaced with those on the waitlist.
  • To reduce the upfront cost barrier for homeowners and ensure timely payments to contractors, a 30 percent upfront contractor deposit payment was introduced and the minimum cost requirement for installment payments was removed. This allowed projects of any size to receive loan advances to cover contractor payments.
  • The threshold for income-qualified households was increased to allow more residents to benefit from the additional rebates.
  • Rebates were increased and made available to more participants, in part to fill the gap left by the closure of the Canada Greener Homes Grant program.

In addition, the timing of the energy coaching program could have been better. Since it was introduced after HELP was at capacity, it was predominantly used as a general community knowledge resource, which led to low participation. Future iterations might integrate coaching and energy retrofit education more closely to offer participants more guidance through the process, as a sort of concierge service.

Next steps

The current iteration of HELP is expected to run until June 2026. The city is working on its replacement, a new PACE program that will be available not just to single-family homeowners, but to multi-unit residential and commercial buildings as well.

Want to explore all GMF-funded projects? Check out the Projects Database for a complete overview of funded projects and get inspired by municipalities of all sizes, across Canada.

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Summary

Home heating retrofits are a significant part of the District of Saanich’s goal to reduce emissions by 50 percent between 2020 and 2030. To help homeowners transition from fossil fuels to electric heat pumps, the district created a pilot program offering zero-interest financing. The pilot was so successful, the district has now moved to a longer-term program to support even more residents in their net-zero transition.

Background

In addition to its goal of cutting emissions in half by 2030, the district of Saanich on southern Vancouver Island is also aiming to reach net zero by 2050. As part of its award-winning 2020 Climate Plan, the district estimated it needed to convert all oil heating systems and 40 percent of natural gas heating systems to electric heat pumps by 2030. The 2023 Building Retrofit Strategy reiterated the need to support residents in making this switch and identified scaling up the Heat Pump Financing Program as a high-impact action for immediate implementation.

Project goals

The district designed a property assessed clean energy (PACE) program that would allow it to help homeowners upgrade from fossil fuel–based heating to electric heat pumps.

Approach

With support from FCM’s Green Municipal Fund (GMF) and its Community Efficiency Financing (CEF) initiative, Saanich launched its Heat Pump Financing Program in April 2022 as a pilot for 50 oil-heated households. Half of the participants were income-qualified, meaning spaces were reserved for those whose household income was below a specified threshold. Participants accessed loans of up to $12,000 at zero percent interest to cover the cost of a heat pump and other related upgrades.

Local consultancy City Green Solutions worked with the district to design and administer the program. Homeowners benefited from a system where the municipality handled payments directly through City Green Solutions. Loans are repaid via property tax bills over terms of up to 10 years. Participants were also encouraged to apply for applicable provincial rebates to further reduce their loan obligations.

Following the pilot’s success, in January 2023, the district decided to extend the program for three years and expand eligibility to natural gas–heated households. The goal is to support a minimum of 200 more homes, financed by a revolving green fund with additional financial support from GMF’s CEF initiative. The extended program also includes tenanted properties and has become more integrated with Home Energy Navigator, the region’s energy coach service.

A person with hands on hips stands outside their home, in front of an outdoor heat pump unit, on a sunny day.

 

Barriers

Saanich’s program is the first in the province to use a PACE financing model. Because B.C. doesn't have PACE-enabling legislation, the district had to get creative. While municipalities in provinces with legislation can create a single bylaw and then enter into an individual agreement with each participant, Saanich has to create a new bylaw for each homeowner who joins the program. While this works functionally, it requires a significant amount of administration and limits the potential scaling of the program.

In addition, B.C. municipalities cannot use their long-term borrowing capacity to lend funds to private property owners under a PACE program, which makes it difficult for Saanich and other B.C. municipalities to scale up these types of programs.

Results

The pilot of 50 homes, including 22 income-qualified, was fully subscribed within six months. There are currently 95 active participants in the program, including 45 households who have completed their upgrades and replaced their oil or gas heating systems with heat pumps.

Participants surveyed stated that without the program, they would have delayed or not undertaken a heat pump retrofit. Income-qualified participants in particular are grateful for their zero upfront costs since the municipality and its partner manage contractor payments.

Benefits

While data collection is ongoing, the district estimates that residents who switch to heat pumps should pay less for heating than when they used fossil fuel–based systems such as natural gas–powered furnaces.

In addition, installing heat pumps supports community resiliency. Saanich’s relatively mild climate has meant that historically, few homes had air-conditioning. However, due to the effects of climate change, extreme heat events are becoming more common, making home cooling necessary for residents’ health and well-being.

The program’s commitment to equity as well as its use of zero-interest financing is making electrification accessible to people who might not otherwise be able to make the switch.

Lessons learned

The program initially focused on converting oil-based heating systems to electric due to the significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the significant affordability benefits for participants. However, the district has expanded the program to include homes with natural gas heating, thereby increasing participation and maximizing overall emissions reductions and resiliency benefits.

The district is also working to make the program more accessible. For example, potential participants can visit City Hall for help with their applications if they encounter difficulties completing them on their own.

Next steps

As the program expands, district staff continue to monitor both the program and the broader landscape of federal and provincial rebates and funding programs to ensure they are providing complementary services and meeting the needs of the local community. Over the coming months, Saanich staff will be exploring a range of program updates, potentially including providing subsidized EnerGuide evaluations, increasing the maximum financing amount and allowing new retrofit measures such as electric baseboards to heat pump conversions. 

Want to explore all GMF-funded projects? Check out the Projects Database for a complete overview of funded projects and get inspired by municipalities of all sizes, across Canada.

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Background

One aspect of Kingston’s action plan to become carbon-neutral by 2040 is to retrofit 25 to 50 percent of its pre-1991 single-family homes and to reduce emissions by 30 percent per home.

Project goals

The city decided to create a property assessed clean energy (PACE) program that would support owners of single-family homes both financially and practically to help them make significant reductions in their energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as to reduce their water use.

Approach

With financial support from FCM’s Green Municipal Fund and its Community Efficiency Financing (CEF) initiative, the city launched its Better Homes Kingston program in April 2022a four-year pilot project to help homeowners reduce their emissions, energy use and water use. The city is hoping to complete 500 projects by 2026 and have created a one-stop shop to make it easy for participating residents to reduce their home’s emissions. The program includes:

  • Zero-interest loans for homeowners doing eligible retrofits, with a term of up to 20 years, repayable via property tax bills.
  • A personalized energy coaching service to help participants choose appropriate upgrades and access other rebates and incentives, delivered by program partner Sustainable Kingston.
  • A voluntary training program for contractors on building science and high-performance homes.
  • An online portal so that participants can track where they are in their retrofit journey and access support as needed.
  • Additional support for lower-income applicants, including accessing a larger percentage of the loan upfront.  

To ensure that the program leads to significant emissions reductions and encourages homeowners to maximize their home’s retrofit potential, the city is offering additional incentives between $1,000 and $5,000, based on participants reaching certain energy and GHG reduction targets in their upgrades.

Woman inspecting home energy efficiency upgrade in her home.

 

Barriers

Timelines had to be extended due to prolonged waits for contractor quotes and pre-retrofit energy evaluations. Further delays arose from a heat pump recall and extended material lead times. These challenges are likely to vary across municipalities based on local supply and demand dynamics. Kingston advises engaging with contractors early on to ensure program timelines are practical and achievable.

One challenge has been the payment process for contractors. The city currently provides funds to homeowners in installments, and homeowners are responsible for paying the contractors. However, many participants found it difficult because the payments to contractors didn't always align with the city’s disbursements, leaving homeowners to cover costs in the meantime. To solve this, the city is exploring options such as offering 50 percent disbursements upfront or paying contractors directly through the program.

Results

As of October 2024, Better Homes Kingston’s achievements include:

  • 250 projects completed, 133 during the second year.
  • 662 total applications.
  • A lifetime GHG reduction of more than 17,000 tonnes of CO2e.
  • An average GHG emissions reduction of 68 percent per home, more than double the target of 30 percent.
  • A 96 percent customer satisfaction score.
  • 23 contractors who have completed the training program.

The most common upgrades undertaken by participants included air-source heat pumps, attic insulation and electric or heat-pump water heaters.

Homeowners were encouraged to perform deep energy retrofits where possible, to maximize emissions reductions. The owner of one 1,500-square-foot semi-detached house, for instance, lowered his home’s annual GHG emissions from 17.9 tCO2e to 1.6 tCO2e—a reduction of 91 percent—by replacing windows, installing a cold climate air-source heat pump and insulating the attic, basement and exterior walls.

Benefits

Following their home upgrades, more than 80 percent of participants reported increased comfort including better temperature control, improved humidity levels and fewer drafts. Additionally, more than 60 percent have seen savings on their energy bills.

Lessons learned

The support of a resident energy coach has been vital to the success of Better Homes Kingston, providing quick, responsive support to guide participants through the process and maximize their outcomes. However, educating homeowners on the specific roles and limitations of energy coaches was equally important to set clear expectations.

Automation and streamlining also played a vital role in improving efficiency and reducing staff workload. For instance, the city created a roadmap video for participants, so the energy coach didn't have to repeatedly explain that part of the program. Despite these efforts, demand for the energy coach’s time remained high, leading the city to hire a second staff member to support program administration.

The contractor training program was also valuable, but many contractors found it difficult to attend in person due to scheduling conflicts. To address this, the training was recorded and made available online, allowing contractors to complete it at their own pace.

Managing both the development and delivery the program was challenging at times, especially when demand was high. To improve participant experience, it helped to launch a basic version of the program first, allowing time to identify and address any issues before the full rollout. At the same time, it was important for staff to stay flexible and ready to adjust the program based on feedback and changing needs.

Next steps

Kingston is currently wrapping up the initial phase of the program and, with internal capital financing, is preparing to scale up with the eventual goal of completing 250 to 400 retrofits annually. Utility bill analysis is ongoing as the city aims to measure program impact. Staff are exploring the possibility of extending the program to multi-unit residential, institution-owned and affordable housing beyond 2026.

Want to explore all GMF-funded projects? Check out the Projects Database for a complete overview of funded projects and get inspired by municipalities of all sizes, across Canada.

Visit the projects database

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