The impacts of climate change are experienced differently within and across communities. This web-based factsheet is intended to demystify what is meant by “equitable climate adaptation.” It outlines important terminology, explains why equity matters and discusses why a multi-solving approach that centres equity is essential to successfully reduce climate risks. 

What is equitable climate adaptation? 

Municipalities are uniquely positioned to undertake climate adaptation work right where climate impacts are experienced and with the people being affected on a daily basis. Equitable climate adaptation means taking action to address the impacts of climate change and to build resilience in a way that advances equity and inclusive community engagement. This includes recognizing and understanding the history and context of existing systems and identifying systems of privilege and inequality as well as building and fostering collaborative relationships and partnerships in climate adaptation work, with a particular focus on equity-deserving and marginalized communities. 

Glossary

Climate change adaptation

Actions that reduce or ameliorate the negative impacts of climate change while taking advantage of potential new opportunities. It involves adjusting policies and actions to address observed or expected climate change effects. Adaptation can be reactive (in response to climate impacts) or anticipatory (before impacts are observed). In most circumstances, anticipatory adaptations will be more effective than reactive adaptations and result in fewer damages and lower overall costs.

Equity

An allocation of resources that prioritizes those who have greater needs due to the systematic marginalization of certain groups.

Equity-deserving and marginalized communities

Groups of people who, because of systemic discrimination, face barriers that prevent them from having the same access to resources and opportunities as other members of society, and who need those resources and opportunities to attain just outcomes. These communities are often underrepresented in decision-making processes. In Canada, these groups often include Indigenous people, newcomers, people of colour, women, people with low income and people with limited mobility.

Equity-informed

An approach or strategy that considers and addresses systemic inequalities, historical injustices and power imbalances to aim for fair and just outcomes, particularly for those who have been marginalized.

Inclusive engagement

Identifying and engaging with equity-deserving groups that have an interest in the project or that are or will be impacted by changes. Inclusive engagement reduces barriers to participation, empowers diverse groups within decision-making and builds ongoing relationships and connections.

Meaningful engagement

An intentional process with the purpose of working in inclusive and respectful ways with all stakeholders and rights holders to shape decisions, actions, impacts or change.

It is important to recognize that every organization, region and municipality is unique, and that barriers and inequalities will differ from one community to another and from one individual to another. Reconciliation and anti-racism, equity, inclusion practices come as a part of an ongoing learning process that requires reflexivity, collaboration and relationship-building with genuine regard for humanity and social justice. 

How equitable climate adaptation helps build stronger communities 

Climate impacts are not uniform. They affect people across communities, across Canada and across the world in a variety of ways. In addition, how a climate impact is experienced has to do with existing social, health, physical and systemic barriers or privileges and can exacerbate inequities. Equitable climate adaptation is crucial for building stronger communities for several reasons: 

• Inclusive resilience: By ensuring that all community members can access resources and support, equitable climate adaptation helps everyone withstand and recover from climate impacts. This inclusivity fosters a sense of unity and shared purpose. 

• Health and well-being: Equitable adaptation strategies prioritize the health and well-being of all citizens. This includes addressing the specific needs of Indigenous communities, low-income residents and other equity-deserving, at-risk and/or marginalized communities, thereby reducing health disparities and improving overall community health. 

  • Example: Watch this video explaining how mobility-related disabilities can endanger an individual during disasters that require evacuation.  

• Environmental justice: Equitable adaptation ensures that the benefits of climate resilience are shared fairly, preventing certain groups from bearing a disproportionate share of climate-related burdens. This approach promotes fairness and justice, which are foundational to strong, cohesive communities.

  • Example: Climate-related disasters can place LGBTQ2+ people at a greater risk of violence and discrimination. 

• Enhanced infrastructure: Investing in resilient infrastructure that serves all community members equally helps protect against climate impacts like floods and extreme weather. This not only safeguards physical assets but also ensures that essential services remain accessible to everyone. 

  • Example: Poor-quality housing, housing insecurity and lower insurance coverage can increase individuals’ vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Those who are experiencing homelessness or are precariously housed are more vulnerable to extreme weather events. Flooding, extreme heat and wildfires are examples of climate-related events that will increase housing insecurity. 

• Economic stability: By supporting local economies and workers through targeted adaptation measures, communities can better withstand economic shocks from climate events. This stability encourages investment and growth, leading to more robust local economies. 

• Community engagement: Equitable adaptation involves engaging with all community members in planning and decision-making. This inclusive approach ensures that diverse perspectives are considered, leading to more effective and widely supported adaptation strategies. 

Equitable climate adaptation not only addresses immediate climate risks but also builds a foundation for long-term community strength and resilience. 

How can your community benefit from an equitable climate adaptation approach?  

By embedding equity into governance systems, processes and initiatives, municipalities are working toward a more resilient future in which we:  

• Address and mitigate systemic and physical barriers for those Canadians most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 

• Ensure all Canadians can benefit from and contribute to adaptation actions. 

• Consider and address the realities of the most vulnerable communities. 

• Lessen burdens on groups facing compounding barriers, such as insufficient housing in locations experiencing extreme heat. 

• Reduce costs by proactively preparing for the impacts of climate change. 

• Share risk, expertise, resources, interest and ability to take action amongst a variety of community stakeholders. 

• Deliver on the guiding principles of Canada’s National Adaptation Strategy, including respecting jurisdictions, upholding Indigenous Peoples’ rights and advancing climate and environmental justice. 

• Contribute and/or deliver on national and international commitments such as Canada’s National Adaptation Strategy, the Government of Canada Adaptation Action Plan and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. 

Communities can reduce their climate vulnerabilities and risks by implementing effective climate adaptation projects that put plans into action. Municipalities play a critical role in this process and are uniquely positioned to address local needs and support vulnerable populations. 

Adaptation projects are most effective when they address priorities identified through a community-wide risk assessment or climate adaptation plan, and when they centre equity and are driven by an inclusive engagement process. 

Use this web-based tool to identify actions to take to help address climate risks in your community. This tool complements GMF’s Adaptation in Action implementation project funding, as elements of many of the projects listed here are eligible to be funded.  

Projects are organized thematically so that you can explore options that align with your area of focus and current priorities. Within each section, projects are described briefly and climate hazards that each project addresses are highlighted. 

Park and public space management 

 

Tree planting and greening  

Greening initiatives such as planting and maintaining native trees and shrubs help reduce urban heat and manage stormwater while also enhancing local biodiversity and resident well-being. 

Strategies: Increasing tree planting efforts as well as developing, enhancing and maintaining green spaces can significantly improve resilience to both heat and flood risks.  

Co-benefits: Including pollinator-friendly species enhances biodiversity and ecosystem health. Additionally, green spaces contribute to the beauty of public spaces, fostering connectivity through added or improved social gathering spaces.   

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize neighbourhoods where there may be fewer households with access to air conditioning and areas with fewer green spaces or a higher proportion of paved surfaces contributing to heat island effects.  

Climate hazards addressed: 

• Extreme heat 
• Flooding   

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Shade structures 

Shade structures reduce heat exposure and encourage community use of outdoor areas year-round. 

Strategies: Shade structures in parks and public spaces provide relief from the sun, reducing the risk of heat-related illness.  

Co-benefits: These structures can also be designed to make outdoor spaces more welcoming and comfortable year-round by offering protection from rain and other elements, thus encouraging social gatherings and community connectivity. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize shade structures in accessible areas with limited existing shade and green space and, in particular, where vulnerable populations have limited access to cooling.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

• Increased precipitation 

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Outdoor cooling facilities 

Outdoor facilities with access to drinking water as well as water-based recreational opportunities offer vital hydration and cooling opportunities in public spaces.  

Strategies: Outdoor cooling facilities can range from water bottle filling stations to misting stations and splash pads.  

Co-benefits: These facilities give residents relief from summer heat while offering social gathering spaces and outdoor recreation opportunities.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize accessibility and focus on neighbourhoods with limited access to other cooling facilities or shaded areas, reducing disparities across the community. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

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Tick habitat reduction 

Rising temperatures and longer warm seasons are leading to more-abundant tick populations as well as increased tick activity levels and geographic range. By managing park landscapes to reduce tick habitats, municipalities can help mitigate the risk of tick-borne diseases.  

Strategies: Redesign landscapes to create clear pathways and trails, move seating into open areas and increase trail maintenance.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize park spaces with wooded areas, tall grass or shrubs that are near spaces frequently used by people.  

Climate hazard addressed:

• Rising annual temperatures     

Ecosystem management 

 

Wildfire prevention  

Vegetation-based wildfire risk mitigation strategies help protect communities and natural areas from the spread of wildfires.  

Strategies: Create buffer zones or fire breaks, reduce fuel loads and manage vegetation to slow the advance of wildfires.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize high-risk areas near vulnerable communities and critical infrastructure. Where possible, integrate local Indigenous knowledge into wildfire management planning and practices. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Wildfires 

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Shoreline management  

Effective management of shorelines, including riparian buffers, is essential to protect communities and infrastructure from flooding and rising sea levels. 

Strategies: Shoreline management can include natural infrastructure improvements such as riparian buffer rehabilitation, beach nourishment and bank stabilization as well as adding or upgrading built infrastructure such as retaining walls.  

Co-benefits: Shoreline rehabilitation helps control erosion, provides habitat for wildlife and enhances water quality while also having the potential to mitigate drought risks through improved groundwater recharge. Where rehabilitation efforts lead to increased green spaces, initiatives can help cool surrounding areas.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize projects in areas with critical infrastructure and distribute implementation based on both risk and need across vulnerable neighbourhoods, ensuring that modifications will not transfer risks elsewhere. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding  
• Sea-level rise 
• Severe storms 
• Drought  

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Aquifer recharge area rehabilitation

Rehabilitating aquifer recharge areas is vital for maintaining groundwater supplies, especially in regions facing water scarcity.  

Strategies: Rehabilitation efforts focus on restoring natural landscapes to enhance their ability to absorb and filter water, supporting the replenishment of underground water stores during rainfall events.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize recharge areas that support water supplies for communities with limited access to alternative water sources, ensuring equitable access to clean and reliable source water. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding 
• Drought 

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Slope stabilization   

Slope stabilization, particularly in fire-impacted areas, is crucial to prevent landslides and soil erosion, which can pose significant risks to nearby communities and infrastructure.  

Strategies: This could involve planting deep-rooted vegetation, installing retaining structures or reshaping slopes to reduce their steepness.  

Co-benefits: These efforts can also enhance flood protection by reducing surface runoff and improving water absorption during heavy rains. Additionally, using deep-rooted vegetation to stabilize slopes improves soil health and water retention, potentially increasing drought resilience and supporting local biodiversity. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize areas where landslide risks threaten communities or critical infrastructure, while planning long-term safety and stability. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Wildfires

• Flooding 

• Drought  

Water management

 

Drinking water system upgrades 

Upgrading drinking water systems may be necessary in regions where municipal drinking water wells or intakes are anticipated to experience significant changes or variability in source water quality resulting from climate events like flooding, drought, wildfires or algal blooms driven by rising temperatures.  

Strategies: These upgrades might include improved flood protection for wellheads or treatment system improvements to manage changing or fluctuating source water quality. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize systems and wells at direct risk of flooding while also identifying and addressing potential risks from wildfires, drought and rising temperatures. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding 
• Drought 

• Wildfires 

• Rising annual temperatures 

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Green stormwater infrastructure 

Green stormwater infrastructure manages heavy rainfall by capturing, filtering and slowly releasing it, reducing the burden on grey infrastructure and reducing flood risks. 

Strategies: Green infrastructure solutions include bioswales, storm ponds, rain gardens, sponge parks and other low impact development strategies. Where appropriate, initiatives can include vegetation that withstands both wet and dry conditions. 

Co-benefits: These solutions also contribute to groundwater recharge and can potentially improve water quality while the vegetation within these projects can potentially help reduce urban heat and increase access to natural environments. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize integrating these systems in urban areas prone to flooding and in communities with an abundance of paved or impervious surfaces. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

• Drought 

• Flooding

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Structural flood protection and stormwater collection  

 

Flood protection and collection systems help manage and mitigate the impacts of heavy rainfall and flooding. These projects could also include modernizing aging infrastructure or removing outdated structures to restore natural waterways. 

Strategies: Measures might include building or upgrading pump stations, flood conveyance systems, flood walls, debris catchment structures, jetties or detention ponds. Projects can also include retrofitting, upgrading or decommissioning dams, dikes and channels to improve water flow, reduce flood risks and enhance ecosystem health.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize protecting communities with reduced adaptive capacity, such as in places with limited resources to recover from a flood. Take care to ensure the resulting changes to river hydrology do not increase flood risk in downstream communities. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Flooding 

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Floodplain restoration  

Restoring floodplains to their natural state enhances their ability to absorb floodwaters and improves wildlife habitat.  

Strategies: Restoration efforts can involve reconnecting rivers to their floodplains, removing barriers and restoring native vegetation.  

Co-benefits: Restoration projects can help mitigate drought by facilitating groundwater recharge, thereby increasing source water supplies, and in some cases can reduce summer heat impacts through increased vegetation. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize projects that can provide the greatest flood protection benefits to communities and where natural habitats are most in need of restoration.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding 
• Extreme heat 
• Drought 

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Wetland restoration or construction 

 

Restoring or constructing wetlands enhances water retention, improves water quality and provides critical habitat for a variety of wildlife.  

Strategies: Restoration or construction efforts might include reconnecting streams, using water level controls, incorporating native plantings in vegetated buffer zones and other natural stormwater management practices. 

Co-benefits: Wetlands absorb excess water during heavy rains, replenishing groundwater supplies that can then mitigate periods of drought. In some cases, the increased vegetation cover provided by wetlands can help moderate nearby temperatures, reducing summer heat impacts. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize projects that provide flood protection and water quality improvements to nearby at-risk communities, particularly those with less capacity to recover from floods. Identify opportunities to build local Indigenous knowledge into project planning. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding
• Drought
• Extreme heat

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Water efficiency upgrades  

Water efficiency upgrades help mitigate water scarcity and drought risks while promoting sustainable water use. 

Strategies: Upgrades can range from low-flow fixtures in municipal facilities to advanced irrigation systems and leak detection technologies. 

Co-benefits: These upgrades help conserve water, reduce demand on local water supplies and lower costs.   

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize older buildings and, when applicable, publicly owned community housing, as well as places with high water use or demand. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Drought

Road and transportation management

 

Street trees   

Increasing tree canopy cover along streets provides shade and reduces urban heat island effects. 

Strategies: Planting and maintenance strategies include selecting appropriate species and locations, ensuring proper planting techniques and providing adequate care such as deep watering, mulching and pruning. 

Co-benefits: The shade and improved streetscaping provided by street trees can promote active transportation like walking and biking. Additionally, street trees improve air quality, help reduce flood risks and may prolong the life of the street surface.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize street tree planting in areas with low canopy cover and limited green spaces to work towards equitable access to both natural cooling and improved streetscapes. Inclusive community engagement can be helpful in the planning, implementation and stewardship of this natural asset. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

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Cool pavements  

Cool pavements can lower ground-level temperatures, reducing the urban heat island effect and mitigating the risk of heat-related illness during heat waves.  

Strategies: Where hard surfaces are essential or needed, find opportunities to use reflective colours and materials instead of traditional options such as black asphalt. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize cool pavements in areas where hard, impermeable surfaces are more prevalent, canopy cover is low and access to cooling options is limited.  

Climate hazard addressed:  

 

• Extreme heat 

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Permeable pavements 

Permeable pavements allow water to pass through, reducing surface runoff and the risk of flooding during heavy rain events.  

Strategies: Permeable pavement options include interlocking pavers, porous asphalt and pervious concrete that can be used for parking lots, driveways, sidewalks and low-traffic roads. 

Co-benefits: These pavements can improve groundwater recharge in urban areas and some permeable pavement options incorporate grass cover, helping to lower surrounding temperatures.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize at-risk areas with critical infrastructure or residential areas at higher risk: for example, areas with older housing stock that might be less floodproof, or low-income neighbourhoods where residents might have less capacity to recover after a flood.

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Extreme heat 
• Flooding 

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Resilient infrastructure upgrades 

Upgrading critical infrastructure to withstand severe storms, floods, extreme heat and other climate-related hazards is essential for maintaining community resilience. This includes bridges, roads and public transit infrastructure. 

Strategies: These upgrades can range widely and include reinforcing structures, improving materials used, increasing conveyance or storage capacity, incorporating flood-proofing design, enhancing transit-system heating and cooling and integrating smart or sensing technologies. 

Strengthening the impact: Identify potential challenges, local considerations and opportunities to integrate co-benefits through inclusive community engagement. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Multiple

Building management

 

 

Passive cooling  

Implementing passive cooling in buildings can reduce indoor temperatures, a critical factor in preventing heat-related illness during periods of high or extended summer heat.  

Strategies: Passive cooling strategies include increasing insulation, adding reflective surfaces and selecting building materials that minimize heat absorption, as well as incorporating design features such as cool roofs, green walls and optimized window location and design. 

Co-benefits: These measures not only reduce energy consumption and costs, but also improve living conditions.   

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize passive cooling retrofits in community housing buildings that lack air conditioning, particularly high-rise apartments, and in buildings that house facilities caring for those at a higher risk of heat-related illness such as retirement and long-term care facilities and childcare centres.  

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

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Blue roofs 

Blue roofs can help manage stormwater in dense urban areas, preventing water from overwhelming drainage systems during heavy rains and reducing the risk of flooding. 

Strategies: Blue roofs provide temporary storage so that heavy rainfall can be released slowly. 

Co-benefits: Blue roofs can provide similar benefits to cool roofs, reducing heat island impacts and supporting passive cooling. Blue roofs can sometimes be combined with rainwater harvesting or greywater systems, potentially reducing pressures on municipal water supplies. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize compatible buildings in areas where overland (also known as urban) flood risks are high.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding 
• Extreme heat  

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Flood-proofing buildings  

Building new and retrofitting existing buildings to better manage flooding is critical to reduce damage and ensure occupant safety in flood-prone areas. 

Strategies: Approaches include landscaping to redirect or better absorb runoff, elevating electrical systems and equipment, installing flood barriers or sump pumps and using water-resistant building materials.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize flood-proofing in buildings that provide critical services and in community housing facilities where residents might have fewer resources to recover from flood damage. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Flooding

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Structural storm upgrades to buildings 

Making buildings more able to withstand severe storms, high winds and tornadoes is critical as severe storms become more frequent and intense.  

Strategies: Install hurricane clips or straps, reinforce windows and doors and choose roof materials resistant to storms and high winds.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize these retrofits in older buildings, in community housing and in facilities providing essential services. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Severe storms

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FireSmart property upgrades 

As wildfire seasons become longer and more intense, it is increasingly essential to protect buildings and critical infrastructure from wildfires using best practices such as FireSmart strategies. 

Strategies: Options include retrofitting structures with fire-resistant materials such as metal roofs or siding and removing or moving combustible materials as well as implementing other FireSmart measures such as creating a fire-resistant area, clearing brush and thinning, pruning or removing trees.   

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize strategies in communities most at risk from wildfires, especially where residents might have limited means to rebuild or relocate. 

Climate hazard addressed:  

• Wildfires 

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HVAC system upgrades  

HVAC systems in critical facilities— including in designated cooling, warming and clean air centres—play an essential role in mitigating the impacts of heat waves, cold periods and wildfire smoke events.  

Strategies: Approaches to ensure reliable operations and optimize performance include modifying, maintaining, upgrading or replacing HVAC systems and adding backup power systems.  

Co-benefits: Upgrades often improve performance, reducing both energy use and costs. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize upgrades in facilities located in vulnerable neighbourhoods, which might include those with less green space or with a higher density of apartment buildings that lack air conditioning. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Extreme heat 
• Wildfires 

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Relocating critical facilities  

Moving critical infrastructure away from areas that are flood prone or exposed to sea-level rise is essential to reduce the risk of service disruptions during extreme weather events.  

Strategies: Relocate essential infrastructure and facilities such as hospitals, emergency services and transportation hubs to help ensure continuity of operations and service delivery during and after climate events. 

Co-benefits: Relocating infrastructure offers opportunities to redesign while considering overall climate resilience and other current and future community needs. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize critical infrastructure in flood-prone areas where alternative service options are limited or unavailable, and in communities where transportation barriers would make it challenging to seek alternative services should primary services be disrupted. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Flooding  
• Sea-level rise

Energy and communication management 

 

Backup power systems for critical infrastructure 

Critical infrastructure and facilities must have reliable backup power in order to maintain safety and continuity during emergencies.   

Strategies: Add backup power systems in essential facilities and to critical infrastructure such as pump stations and traffic signals to ensure that they remain operational during power outages.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritizing cooling and warming centres and clean air shelters, to enhance resilience against severe storms and help prepare communities for concurrent emergencies such as a power outage during a heat wave or a wildfire smoke event. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Severe storms 

• Extreme heat 

• Wildfires 

• Flooding 

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Hardening energy and communication infrastructure 

Hardening utility infrastructure can significantly reduce the risk of interruptions to critical services during severe storms or wildfires. 

Strategies: Bury power and communication lines and make infrastructure more wind and flood resistant. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize high-risk areas such as places where trees might damage infrastructure during high wind events, while examining larger systems to ensure essential services can remain operational during emergencies.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Severe storms 
• Wildfires

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Microgrids  

Creating local energy networks that can operate independently of the main grid enhances energy resilience during power outages resulting from severe storms or wildfires.  

Strategies: Microgrids are small-scale electrical networks providing electricity to a designated area powered by a local energy source, in some cases solar or wind. They can be connected to the larger grid but can also keep electricity flowing in the case of a power outage. 

Strengthening the impact: Design microgrids so that they can keep critical services and infrastructure operable during prolonged power disruptions.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Wildfires 
• Severe storms 

Community services and networks 

 

Cooling/warming centres and clear air shelters 

Designating and staffing public facilities to offer accessible cooling, warming and clean air to residents during heat waves, cold periods and wildfire smoke events provides relief and reduces risks for vulnerable populations.  

Strategies: Ensuring accessibility through approaches such as offering dedicated transit to cooling, warming and clean air centres or using air-conditioned buses as mobile cooling centres. In some cases, such as in apartment-style community housing, designated cooling rooms may provide better service to vulnerable individuals.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize communities with fewer alternatives or where there are individuals at greater risk of heat-related illness. This might include neighbourhoods where air conditioning is less prevalent, or where there is a higher proportion of apartment buildings housing older, lower-income residents. Engage community members to create spaces that are welcoming, accessible and inclusive to encourage their uptake and use. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Extreme heat 

• Extreme cold 

• Wildfire smoke

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Neighbourhood-based social support networks and climate resilience hubs 

Neighbourhood networks and resilience hubs can provide essential resources and information channels during climate events, helping communities respond more effectively.  

Strategies: Building effective neighbourhood networks takes time and dedication. Where possible, build on existing communities or social networks and consider piloting initiatives where local champions exist. Resilience hubs can offer shelter, supplies, workshops and training, acting as a focal point for resilience efforts. 

Co-benefits: Neighbourhood-based social support networks strengthen community ties and enhance collective resilience to climate impacts.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of older adults living alone or with reduced mobility, or where local adaptive capacity and resources are limited.  

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Multiple  

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Building resilient affordable housing  

Building resilient, affordable and supportive housing is crucial to protect low-income communities from the impacts of climate change.  

Strategies: Approaches include building or retrofitting housing to withstand extreme weather, thereby reducing energy costs and providing safe living conditions during extreme weather such as heat waves, storms and flooding. 

Co-benefits: Building climate-resilient affordable housing can boost financial stability for residents by reducing maintenance costs and lowering energy bills while also improving housing conditions and housing stability, which can in turn enhance health outcomes. 

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize projects that incorporate climate resilience features, focusing on climate hazards relevant to the local community, to promote long-term housing stability and safety. 

Climate hazards addressed:  

• Multiple 

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Education campaigns and strategies 

Municipal-led education campaigns and strategies play an important role in raising awareness about climate risks, promoting individual and group actions that reduce risks and enhance community resilience.  

Strategies: Tailor campaigns to address local needs or amplify messages from reputable sources. For example, municipalities can share tips on staying safe during heat waves or promote incentive programs for resilient home retrofits such as flood proofing.  

Strengthening the impact: Prioritize educational materials and outreach efforts that target those most at risk. Engaging with vulnerable populations to develop customized campaigns and messaging can help ensure that these communities receive the support and information they need while building the community’s collective capacity to respond to climate challenges. 

Climate hazards addressed: 

• Multiple

Many municipalities across Canada are increasingly recognizing the importance of developing climate adaptation strategies to prepare for and build resilience to the impact of our changing Canadian climate. 

This factsheet highlights how integrating an Indigenous lens and Indigenous knowledge into climate strategies can enhance resilience and strengthen environmental strategies, as well as contribute to broader goals related to Reconciliation. Undertaking these efforts ultimately builds more inclusive, respectful and sustainable communities for future generations.

Two-Eyed Seeing approach

The Two-Eyed Seeing approach is a key framework in the Indigenous Resilience Report that integrates Indigenous knowledge systems with Western science. This approach emphasizes using both perspectives—one eye viewing the world through Indigenous ways of knowing and the other through Western science. It creates a balanced, complementary method for addressing complex issues such as climate change, ensuring that neither knowledge system dominates the other, but rather they coexist and enhance decision-making together.

Work is underway across the country

A lack of awareness and understanding of Indigenous knowledge can make it difficult to develop inclusive climate strategies. Through its Indigenous Relations Office, the City of Calgary, AB, is providing its staff and citizens with information and education on Truth and Reconciliation. This initiative that underscores the importance of integrating Indigenous perspectives into municipal operations and, includes comprehensive staff training with a focus on developing cultural competency, with the aim of helping to ensure that climate strategies are inclusive and informed by Indigenous knowledge.

Other cities are working to overcome historical distrust through respectful engagement, honouring commitments and demonstrating a genuine willingness to learn. The City of Vancouver, BC’s City of Reconciliation initiative exemplifies how building trust and fostering genuine partnerships with Indigenous communities can create a foundation for meaningful Reconciliation. This initiative is integral to the city’s efforts to embed Reconciliation into the fabric of its governance and community relations.

The NWT Water Stewardship Strategy embraces the Two-Eyed Seeing approach by incorporating both Indigenous knowledge and scientific methods to manage and protect water resources. This strategy values traditional ecological knowledge for its deep-rooted connection to the land and waterways, while also utilizing scientific tools to monitor water quality and flow. Municipalities can learn from this by integrating Indigenous knowledge into their water management practices, fostering collaborative partnerships with local Indigenous communities to enhance stewardship and ensure sustainable resource management.

Understanding Indigenous knowledge systems

Indigenous knowledge systems are deeply holistic, emphasizing the interdependence of all living things and the importance of harmony between nature and humankind. These systems have evolved over generations and offer valuable insights into sustainable living and environmental stewardship. Integrating Indigenous knowledge into municipal planning can support strategies that prioritize long-term ecological health, community well-being and cultural preservation.

Consider these key points when incorporating Indigenous knowledge into your municipal planning:

• Local ecosystems: Indigenous knowledge offers a deep understanding of and insight into local ecosystems, informed by generations of observation and experience.
• Traditional ecological knowledge: Practices such as traditional land management and sustainable resource use, rooted in Indigenous ecological knowledge, promote biodiversity and the health of ecosystems.
• Cultural heritage preservation: Engaging with Indigenous communities enriches planning and helps preserve and honour cultural heritage, ensuring that traditional practices, traditions and knowledge continue to thrive while also enriching the municipality’s cultural fabric.
• Sustainability: Indigenous knowledge emphasizes a long-term ecological balance, focusing on sustainable practices that protect and nurture the environment.
• Resilience: Indigenous strategies, tested and refined over centuries, enhance community resilience by fostering adaptability to environmental changes and challenges.
• Community engagement: Collaborating with Indigenous communities fosters inclusive decision-making and enhances community cohesion.

Indigenous Peoples are applying their knowledge systems and traditional practices to address climate change impacts alongside modern scientific approaches. For example, the BC First Nations Climate Strategy and Action Plan combines Indigenous wisdom with climate data to develop meaningful solutions. Tools like the Climate Atlas of Canada  weave together Indigenous stories, climate science, and community perspectives, fostering adaptation and resilience through a blend of diverse knowledge systems.

Applying an Indigenous-inclusive lens 

Adopting a holistic approach means recognizing the interconnectedness of social, environmental and economic factors, which can lead to more comprehensive planning processes. Such an approach requires meaningful engagement that respects and incorporates Indigenous rights, knowledge and cultural practices. 

Using an Indigenous lens can strengthen municipal planning efforts in several ways, including:

• Holistic perspective: Emphasizing the interconnection of social, environmental and economic systems to create well-rounded and integrated planning solutions.
• Sustainability: Focusing on long-term ecological health and environmental stewardship rooted in Indigenous practices to prioritize the well-being of future generations.
• Cultural respect: Honouring and integrating Indigenous traditions, values and practices into planning processes to foster cultural preservation and mutual respect.
• Collaborative engagement: Encouraging ongoing dialogue, partnership and co-creation with Indigenous communities to ensure their active participation and leadership in decision-making processes.
• Equity and inclusion: Committing to inclusive planning by integrating Indigenous voices, perspectives, and knowledge into all stages of decision-making to promote equity and justice.

Town of Sioux Lookout, Ontario

Lac Seul First Nation, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Municipality of Sioux Lookout, ON, has partnered with Lac Seul First Nation and Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug through the Community Economic Development Initiative (CEDI) to collaboratively pursue shared economic and community development goals. The partnership focuses on joint planning initiatives, such as the development of a Friendship Accord, which formalizes their commitment to working together. By integrating Indigenous knowledge into land-use and environmental planning, Sioux Lookout is building municipal strategies that are culturally inclusive and sustainable, benefiting both Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities.

Building and maintaining respectful relationships

Municipalities may want to implement the following key steps when working to build and maintain respectful relationships with Indigenous communities:

• Understanding Indigenous neighbours: Take the time to learn about the histories, cultures and knowledge systems of the neighbouring Indigenous communities. Building relationships rooted in mutual understanding helps ensure Indigenous practices and values are respected and integrated into municipal processes.
• Engaging meaningfully: Engagement should start early and continue throughout the project or partnership. Meaningful engagement involves respecting Indigenous protocols and traditions as well as also meeting Indigenous communities where they are, whether that means physically visiting their communities or aligning with their schedules and priorities. This shows genuine respect and commitment.
• Co-developing plans: True collaboration requires Indigenous representation at every stage of planning and decision-making. Indigenous voices must be not just consulted but actively included as co-creators of plans. This fosters a shared sense of ownership and helps to ensure Indigenous knowledge informs sustainable, culturally relevant outcomes.
• Supporting capacity building: Providing resources training, and opportunities that build capacity in Indigenous communities (e.g., technical assistance, educational support, financial resources) can support Indigenous communities to fully participate in and benefit from municipal planning processes.
• Reciprocating knowledge: Respectful relationships are reciprocal. As Indigenous communities share their knowledge and perspectives, municipalities should in turn provide opportunities, resources and support that benefit their Indigenous partners. This ensures a balanced exchange and shows appreciation for Indigenous contributions.

Hiawatha First Nation, Curve Lake First Nation, Township of Selwyn, Township of Otonabee-South Monaghan, County of Peterborough and Peterborough and Kawarthas Economic Development, ON

The partnership among Hiawatha First Nation, Curve Lake First Nation, Township of Selwyn, Township of Otonabee-South Monaghan, County of Peterborough and Peterborough and Kawarthas Economic Development, ON, exemplifies a commitment to building respectful relationships by engaging in continuous dialogue and collaboration at every stage. This approach ensures Indigenous voices are integral to decision-making processes. It honours cultural protocols and fosters mutual respect and understanding as joint initiatives are developed.

Measuring success and assessing impact

Measuring success and assessing impact are critical to ensuring that municipal strategies integrating Indigenous knowledge are effective and sustainable. Systematically evaluation provides valuable data that can be used to refine the approach and inform decisions, enhancing community well-being and ecological resilience. 

Municipalities may find the following steps useful when assessing the impact of their strategies and projects:

• Set clear objectives: Begin by defining specific, measurable objectives for the integration of Indigenous knowledge into the strategy or project. The objectives should reflect the desired community outcomes and the principles of Indigenous knowledge systems, in alignment with cultural, environmental and social priorities.
• Use meaningful metrics: Develop and track metrics to assess the extent to which Indigenous knowledge has been integrated into each strategy or project. These could include the extent to which Indigenous values and practices are incorporated into planning, the percentage of municipal staff who complete cultural competency training, and the sustainability and longevity of partnerships with Indigenous communities. These metrics will help gauge the success of municipal efforts and identify areas for improvement.
• Collect and analyze feedback: Regularly gather feedback from stakeholders, including Indigenous partners, community members and municipal staff. This feedback is crucial for understanding the real-world impact of the strategies and making necessary adjustments. Surveys, interviews and community consultations can all be used to capture diverse perspectives.
• Adjust and improve continuously: Use insights from the metrics and feedback to refine the strategies and projects. Continuous improvement is essential to maintaining effective collaboration and ensuring strategies and projects remain responsive to the needs and values of the Indigenous communities and municipalities. Over time, being flexible and adaptive helps build stronger, more resilient partnerships.

Incorporating Indigenous knowledge into municipal planning and climate adaptation strategies is not only a path toward more sustainable and resilient communities but also a critical step in fostering meaningful Reconciliation. Continuous engagement, capacity building and reciprocal relationships are key to achieving these shared goals. By committing to building more inclusive relationships with Indigenous communities, municipalities are better positioned to ensure their efforts are truly impactful and enduring. 

Related resources

• Factsheet: Municipal Reconciliation-Advancing government-to-Nation relationships | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Factsheet: Advancing equity, diversity and inclusion in municipal service delivery The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Indigenous partnerships | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Canada’s National Adaptation Strategy: Building Resilient Communities and a Strong Economy | The Government of Canada
• Indigenous Climate Action
• Advancing Indigenous futures with two-eyed seeing

Tanya Tourangeau, a proud Dene woman and founder of Tanya T Consulting | Reconciliation Strategist | Canada provided her expertise as a Reconciliation strategist in the writing of this factsheet, and FCM thanks her for her insights.

Building meaningful relationships between municipalities and First Nation communities can contribute to Reconciliation, enhance the well-being and economic health of communities, and lead to more equitable approaches to governance. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada defines Reconciliation as: 

An ongoing process of establishing and maintaining respectful relationships. A critical part of this process involves repairing damaged trust by making apologies, providing individual and collective reparations, and following through with concrete actions that demonstrate real societal change. 

Despite progress over the past number of years, significant challenges remain in fostering equitable and respectful relationships between municipalities and Indigenous communities. Historical injustices, a lack of genuine consultation and insufficient recognition of Indigenous sovereignty and rights are key obstacles. Each must be addressed to build effective and sustainable government-to-Nation relationships.

This factsheet outlines principles, strategies and examples of successful government-to-Nation relationships, all of which recognize Indigenous communities as equal, sovereign partners. 

Many municipalities are embracing Reconciliation

• The City of Regina, SK, established an Indigenous procurement policy, with a goal of having a minimum of 20 percent of the total value of city procurement contracts being held by Indigenous vendors. Regina’s approach to economic Reconciliation is guided by an Indigenous Procurement Advisory Committee.
• The City of Montreal, QC’s 2020-2025 Strategy for Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples comprises seven objectives, including the development of a government-to-government relationship in city institutions by recognizing Indigenous governments as privileged partners in regional dialogue. The strategy also recognizes Indigenous civil society and its organizations as necessary actors in discussions as well as in the search for solutions and decision-making about urban issues that concern them.
• The City of Edmonton, AB, entered a relationship with Enoch Cree Nation and signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining their intent to build a new relationship as neighbours. This partnership has led to collaborative efforts in areas such as recreation, land-use planning and public transit, enhancing regional prosperity and community well-being.
• The Commitment to Indigenous Peoples, demonstrated leadership by engaging in meaningful partnerships with local Indigenous communities. This includes joint economic initiatives, cultural events and regular consultation meetings that foster a collaborative and respectful relationship.
• The City of Kenora, ON, has placed its land acknowledgement that it is located on the traditional territory of the Anishinaabe and Métis at the forefront of its website. Recognizing the historical land base of the Wauzhushk Onigum, Niisaachewan and Washagamis Bay First Nations, shows Kenora’s commitment to Reconciliation and partnership with its Indigenous neighbours.

Building government-to-Nation relationships

Municipalities that wish to advance their relationships with Indigenous communities may wish to consider how the following essential considerations, core principles and structural of partnerships might strengthen their Reconciliation work. 

Essential considerations

• Government-to-Nation relationships must acknowledge Indigenous communities as sovereign partners.
• Successful relationships require genuine consultation, shared decision-making and cultural sensitivity.
• Long-term engagement and continuous collaboration are crucial to sustainable partnerships.

Core principles of Reconciliation

• Respect: Recognizing the inherent value and dignity of Indigenous cultures.
• Recognition: Acknowledging Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
• Partnership: Engaging in meaningful collaboration with Indigenous communities.

“Understanding and educating is the biggest part of Truth and Reconciliation. Fighting prejudice. Few people know the contribution that First Nations have made to the development of Canada." 
~Chief Lance Haymond, Kebaowek First Nation
 

Structural partnerships 

• Collaborate with local Indigenous leaders and organizations.
• Form partnerships and coalitions with Indigenous groups.
• Establish municipal Reconciliation committees.
• Set up Indigenous community advisory boards or committees.
• Create informal partnership tables and spaces for discussion and cooperative action

Examples and practical steps to foster Reconciliation efforts 

Educate municipal staff and residents about Indigenous rights and history

The City of Yellowknife, NWT, mandates training for all municipal staff on the history and legacy of residential schools. This helps ensure that city staff are informed about Indigenous histories and the impacts of colonialism, promoting a culture of understanding and respect. Some valuable resources that can foster a deeper understanding and respect for Indigenous rights and history include: 

• University of Alberta Indigenous Canada: A exploring the history and contemporary perspectives of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, from an Indigenous viewpoint. It's a comprehensive resource for anyone looking to broaden their knowledge.
• Reconciliation Saskatoon, Be A ConnectR: Provides opportunities to learn about Indigenous peoples’ past and present experiences. The site offers various paths to start a learning journey.
• Royal Alberta Museum: An extensive collection of resources that includes reading lists, films, documentaries, radio programs, podcasts, Indigenous language apps and other materials. 

Start with respect and understanding to forge and strengthen long-term, sustainable relationships with Indigenous communities

• The Declaration of Mutual Commitment and Friendship: A joint initiative by the Association of Municipalities of Ontario and the Ontario Federation of Indigenous Friendship Centres that provides a framework for collaboration between municipalities and Indigenous communities. The declaration emphasizes Reconciliation and sets a provincial and federal standard for meaningful engagement with Indigenous communities in urban and rural areas.
• The Community Economic Development Initiative (CEDI): This initiative partners First Nations with neighbouring municipalities to develop relationships and create joint economic development projects. More than 20+ partnerships between First Nations and municipalities have been established since 2013. Each was guided by the “stronger together” approach, and this has been translated into a practical toolkit that offers steps to connect with Indigenous neighbours and collaborating on joint initiatives. 

Engage in inclusive consultation with Indigenous neighbours and residents

The City of Hamilton, ON, has implemented a robust consultation process with Indigenous communities, outlined in its Urban Indigenous Strategy report. The process includes regular meetings and dialogue with Indigenous leaders to ensure their active participation in city planning and development initiatives, reflecting a commitment to ongoing and meaningful engagement. 

The following approaches can build meaningful and inclusive consultation with Indigenous communities:

• Establish regular consultation meetings: Schedule regular meetings with Indigenous leaders and community members to discuss ongoing projects, community needs and potential areas for collaboration. This opens ongoing dialogue and opportunities for active participation in decision-making processes.
• Develop a consultation protocol: Create a written protocol that outlines how consultations will be conducted, including who will be involved, the frequency of meetings and the methods of communication. The protocol should be developed in partnership with Indigenous communities to ensure it meets their needs and expectations.
• Implement community liaison roles: Designate community liaison officers who are responsible for maintaining open lines of communication between the municipality and Indigenous communities. These officers can help facilitate consultations, address concerns and ensure that the voices of Indigenous residents are heard and considered in municipal decisions.

Build capacity on both sides to enable full participation of Indigenous communities in municipal projects

The City of Thunder Bay, ON, has partnered with Fort William First Nation to conduct an Indigenous Economic Impact Analysis. Developed in collaboration with the Thunder Bay Community Economic Development Commission, this initiative aims to assess and enhance the economic contributions of Indigenous communities in the region.

The following capacity-building approaches can contribute to effective and sustainable collaboration:

• Resources and training: Offer resources, training programs and workshops to enhance the skills and knowledge of municipal and Indigenous community members. Edmonton’s Indigenous Relations Office develops community capacity-building projects that include training and workshops focused on topics such as governance, leadership development and project management. It offers technical support and expertise to Indigenous communities to help them participate more fully in municipal projects. Activities can include assistance with infrastructure development, environmental assessments or other technical areas. The City of Vancouver, BC, has partnered with local Indigenous communities to provide technical assistance to develop housing projects, offering expertise in topics such as urban planning, architectural design and construction management. The goal is to support Indigenous-led housing initiatives that meet the needs of Indigenous residents.

Reconciliation action plan

Concrete action is needed to advance Reconciliation efforts and strengthen relationships between municipalities and Indigenous communities. A Reconciliation action plan can be the foundation for this work.

The following questions can be helpful in guiding the development of a municipal Reconciliation action plan.

• Current initiatives: What Reconciliation efforts are currently underway in the municipality?
• New initiatives: What are one or two initiatives that the municipality might commit to right now?
• Steps to implementation: What three steps might the municipality undertake to implement these new initiatives?

Related resources

• Factsheet: Advancing equity, diversity and inclusion in municipal service delivery | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Factsheet: Applying an Indigenous inclusion lens to climate adaptation | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Understanding and implementing UNDRIP | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities 
• A Municipal Guide to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action | The Alberta Urban Municipalities Association
• Indigenous Engagement Strategic Plan | The University of Regina
• Truth and Reconciliation Calls to Action | The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

Tanya Tourangeau, a proud Dene woman and founder of Tanya T Consulting | Reconciliation Strategist | Canada provided her expertise as a Reconciliation strategist in the writing of this factsheet, and FCM thanks her for her insights.

Considering principles of equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) as core aspects of municipal planning and service delivery can increase social cohesion and fairness for all residents. 

This factsheet shares definitions and benefits that can inform local governments who are in the early stages of incorporating EDI principles and considerations into municipal plans. 

What are equity, diversity and inclusion?

Equity is a principle and process that promotes fair conditions for all persons to fully participate in society. In contrast with equality, equity recognizes that while all people have the right to be treated equally, not everyone experiences equal access to resources, opportunities, or benefits. Equity based initiatives, strategies, or considerations address specific needs, barriers, and accommodations to ensure groups have equal access and opportunity to participate in all aspects of society.

Diversity refers to a wide range of qualities and attributes that can apply to a person, a group or a community. These include differences in ability, age, sex, gender identity, language, race, national or ethnic origin, religion, sexual orientation, socio-economic status and others.

Working effectively with diverse populations means recognizing differences and acknowledging how they shape a person and affect their lived experiences and opportunities. It also means cultivating a culture and practice that values and sees diversity as a strength. 

Inclusion refers to creating, fostering and sustaining systems, practices and conditions that enable people with diverse backgrounds and identities to feel respected, valued and have a sense of belonging. By embracing diversity, inclusion creates fair, equitable, healthy and high-performing organizations and communities, where all individuals feel engaged and motivated, and their contributions are valued. 

While equity, diversity and inclusion are distinct concepts, they are closely related. When they are woven together, more equitable, fair impacts and outcomes are likely to result. 

Why is EDI relevant to municipal service delivery?

Consider a few statistics exploring why incorporating the needs of all residents into municipal planning is necessary. 

• In Toronto, black men are three times more likely to be stopped by police than other racial groups.
• Black women in Canada are three times less likely than their non-racialized counterparts to have access to a family doctor.
• Across Canada, over 50 percent of racialized communities live in neighbourhoods where housing is unaffordable and unsafe.
• During Vancouver’s 2021 heat dome event, the majority of deaths were among people who were elderly, had a disability, lived in poorer neighbourhoods or lived alone. 

How does incorporating EDI into municipal planning benefit communities?

Incorporating EDI principles into municipal planning can:

• Strengthen social cohesion: Promoting EDI principles fosters a sense of belonging for all residents, regardless of their race, ethnicity, ability, sex, gender, background or other factors. This can lead to stronger social cohesion within communities, reduce tensions among communities and promote harmony.
• Improve public services: EDI initiatives can help identify and address disparities in access to public services such as education, healthcare, housing and transportation. By distributing services fairly and equitably and maintaining infrastructure assets to meet the service needs of diverse communities, local governments can enhance the well-being of all residents and create a more just society.
• Increase economic growth: Inclusive policies can stimulate economic growth by tapping into the talents and skills of diverse populations. When individuals feel valued and have equal access to opportunities, they are more likely to contribute to the local economy through entrepreneurship, innovation and productivity.
• Enhance public safety: Addressing discrimination and inequality can contribute to safer communities. For instance, promoting trust and cooperation between law enforcement agencies and marginalized communities can improve public safety outcomes and reduce crime rates.
• Support resilience and adaptation: Inclusive communities tend to be more resilient and better able to adapt to shocks and challenges. Harnessing the collective strength of diverse perspectives and experiences allows communities to better respond to crises, reduce risks and build sustainable futures for all.
• Increase democratic participation: EDI initiatives can increase civic engagement and democratic participation by including and valuing all voices in decision-making. This leads to more representative governance and policies that reflect the needs and priorities of the entire community.
• Reduce legal risk: Implementing EDI initiatives helps local governments comply with laws and regulations, reducing the risk of lawsuits and legal liability associated with discriminatory practices. It can also protect the local government’s reputation and standing within the community.

Related resources

• Factsheet: Applying an Indigenous inclusion lens to climate adaptation | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Factsheet: Municipal Reconciliation-Advancing government-to-Nation relationships | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Integrating Equity, Diversity and Inclusion into Municipal Climate Action | ‍The Partners for Climate Protection from ICLEI Canada and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities
• Considerations for developing a gender equity and inclusion municipal strategy: Themes and trends from Canadian municipalities | The Federation of Canadian Municipalities

GMF’s Climate Adaptation Communities of Practice bring together municipal staff, elected officials and partner organizations who are working to build climate resilience in their communities. These free, member-driven groups offer expert-led content, peer examples, and access to tools and resources that support climate adaptation planning and project implementation. 

 Register Now

Why join a Community of Practice?

Municipalities across Canada face common climate risks, capacity pressures and resource constraints. A Community of Practice offers a structured way to exchange knowledge, compare approaches and strengthen local adaptation work while reducing duplication of effort.  

By participating you can:  

• Build confidence in planning and project decisions through shared learning
• Reduce the time spent searching for tools, precedents, or comparable examples
• Better understand how others are approaching risk assessments, adaptation planning and implementation
• Access knowledge that supports both immediate needs and long-term resilience

Membership is free and designed to support communities of all sizes. 

How do our Communities of Practice work?

Communities of Practice meet every two months for virtual sessions that combine expert insights, member presentations, facilitated discussions and practical activities. Sessions focus on real municipal challenges and highlight approaches being used across Canada.  

Between sessions, members can:

• Access materials through a dedicated Teams channel
• Continue conversations and share resources with peers
• Review session recordings and presentation decks
• Sessions are offered in both English and French. 

Sessions are offered in both English and French. 

Which Community of Practice is right for you?

We offer two climate adaptation Communities of Practice to support municipalities at different points in their climate adaptation work. 

Climate-Ready Plans and Processes Community of Practice 

Designed for municipalities in the early stages of adaptation, focusing on developing strategies, plans and methodologies.  

Topics you’ll focus on:  

• Forming cross-functional teams and gaining council alignment
• Developing climate risk and impact assessments
• Creating adaptation plans and prioritization frameworks
• Integrating adaptation into asset management, land-use planning and municipal systems
• Engaging stakeholders, rightsholders and community partners 

Adaptation in Action Community of Practice 

For municipalities preparing or implementing adaptation projects that reduce community climate risks.

Topics you’ll focus on:  

• Project initiation: Moving from risk assessments and plans to selecting priority projects
• Project planning: Developing clear, actionable project scopes
• Project implementation: Coordinating partners, timelines and on-the-ground work
• Close-out operations: Ensuring long-term performance, maintenance and reporting 

Who can join? 

Communities of Practice are open to:  

• Local government staff
• Elected officials
• Provincial and Territorial Association staff

Participants may register for one or both Communities of Practice. 

How to register

• Review eligibility requirements and program format
  • Climate-Ready Plans and Processes
  • Adaptation in Action
• Complete and submit the registration form.

Note: While we encourage early applications to take advantage of the full year of networking and peer learning, registrations are accepted on an ongoing basis. CoP cycles renew each April, and early registration allows members to benefit from the full year of programming.

You are welcome to register for both the Climate-Ready Plans and Processes CoP and the Adaptation in Action CoP. 

 Registrer Now

Are you looking to strengthen your municipality's climate adaptation work?  

If you are applying or preparing for Adaptation in Action funding through the Green Municipal Fund’s Local Leadership for Climate Adaptation initiative, you can benefit from free coaching from climate adaptation experts to support your project design and implementation. 

What is Adaptation in Action coaching?

Adaptation in Action coaching empowers municipalities with expert guidance, ensuring your climate adaptation projects are effective, equitable and resilient. Tailored coaching is available to help you navigate the complexities of climate adaptation implementation with the latest information and consideration, so your projects are successful and inclusive.

Our coaching aims to deliver up to 10 hours of personalized coaching sessions per municipality, project or team, tailored to help you navigate and succeed in your climate adaptation projects.

Benefits of coaching: 

• Tailored, on-demand expert support  

  Our coaching is designed to maximize the impact of your climate adaptation projects by providing personalized support tailored to your community's specific needs. Coaching helps ensure that your projects are effective, equitable and resilient.

• Expertise you can trust 

  Our coaches are seasoned professionals with extensive experience in key areas of climate adaptation. They bring a deep understanding of the unique challenges municipalities face and are fully equipped to guide you through them.

• Free of charge

  These services are offered at no cost to participating municipalities. Our priority is to ensure you have access to the resources you need to make a lasting impact.

Areas of expertise

Eligible municipalities can access free expert guidance in the following areas. Expand each section to learn more about our expert coaches, their areas of expertise, and how they can support your climate adaptation initiatives. 

Indigenous Knowledge and Engagement Methods

What this coaching will help you achieve:

• Advancing Indigenous rights through climate adaptation aligned with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).  
• Applying a holistic Indigenous lens to adaptation planning, grounded in Michi Saagiig Nishnabeg rights, culture and spirituality.  
• Exploring Indigenous-led adaptation, Two-Eyed Seeing, and bridging Western and Indigenous knowledge systems.  
• Strengthening respectful, rights-based engagement approaches and supporting early and ongoing collaboration with Indigenous communities while honouring governance structures, knowledge sovereignty, protocols and culturally appropriate ways of knowing. 

Coaches

• Gary Pritchard, Chief Executive Officer, 4 Directions of Conservation Consulting Services

  Gary is the Chief Executive Officer of 4 Directions of Conservation Consulting Services and a member of Curve Lake First Nation. With experience working with nearly 300 Indigenous communities across North America, he brings expertise in Indigenous-led conservation, Two-Eyed Seeing in ecological monitoring, capacity building, and bridging Western and traditional sciences.

Anti-Racism, Equity, and Inclusion

What this coaching will help you achieve:

• Embedding Anti-Racism, Equity, and Inclusion (AREI) principles into the design and implementation of adaptation projects.  
• Identifying systemic barriers and inequities that shape climate vulnerability, particularly for equity-deserving and historically marginalized communities.  
• Applying an AREI lens across project stages, prioritizing lived experience and developing practical tools and guiding questions that promote inclusive, transparent and accountable adaptation actions with more equitable and lasting outcomes.  

Coaches

• Gabby Zuniga, Principal Consultant, Inclusive Kind  

  Gabby is the founder of Inclusive Kind, focusing on advancing equity and inclusion across institutions and communities. She brings decades of expertise in driving systemic change to create environments where everyone can thrive.  

• Erin Walker, DEI Consultant, Inclusive Kind  

  Erin is a leader in advancing equity and inclusion across institutions and communities. With extensive experience, she specializes in driving transformative change to foster environments where everyone can succeed. 

Inclusive Engagement and Community Collaboration

What this coaching will help you achieve:

• Nicole Armos, Associate Director, Knowledge & Practice, Simon Fraser University Centre for Dialogue

  Nicole leads the Centre for Dialogue’s research, knowledge exchange and capacity building initiatives. With over a decade of experience supporting local, provincial and federal public engagement projects, she advances innovative and equitable approaches to participatory democracy.

• Michelle Bested, Associate Director, Engagement and Social Enterprise, Simon Fraser University Centre for Dialogue

  Michelle has led the consulting services team since 2019. She works with partners across Canada to design inclusive public and stakeholder engagement initiatives on issues such as housing and climate change. With a background in international cooperation and degrees from the London School of Economics and the University of Ottawa, she is passionate about fostering meaningful, inclusive dialogue.  

Project Management

What this coaching will help you achieve:

• Strengthening the planning, implementation and evaluation of climate adaptation initiatives.  
• Defining scope, timelines, roles, governance structures, and performance indicators to ensure projects are delivered effectively and sustainably.  
• Gaining practical tools for budgeting, funding identification, risk management and internal coordination.  
• Enhancing project structures and decision-making processes, helping teams deliver adaptation outcomes on time, on budget and with measurable impact.  

Coaches

• Dr. Chúk Odenigbo, Environmental Scientist, Tamarack Institute

  With over 10 years of experience in bilingual community engagement and project management with an anti-racism lens, Chúk has worked conducting environmental impact assessments. This technical expertise, combined with his leadership in social impact projects, positions him as a key player in helping municipalities design sustainable and resilient climate solutions. 

Technical Solutions

What this coaching will help you achieve:

• Identifying and implementing effective technical climate adaptation measures, including grey, green and hybrid infrastructure.  
• Assessing climate risks, analyzing feasibility and selecting context-appropriate engineering and nature-based solutions.  
• Exploring innovative and nature-positive approaches that enhance resilience while ensuring durable, technically sound outcomes.  
• Providing support tailored to municipal needs, drawing on multidisciplinary expertise to strengthen long-term sustainability.

Coaches

• Harris Switzman, M.A.Sc., P.Geo., ENV SP, Senior Sustainability and Climate Change Specialist, Onterris (formerly Montrose Environmental Solutions)

  Harris is an environmental and sustainability professional with over 15 years of experience developing and implementing strategies for corporate and operational aspects of climate change adaptation, GHG emissions reductions, water management and overall environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance.

• Amanda McKay, P.Eng., Project Manager and Main Contact, Onterris

  Amanda is a senior water resources engineer with over 12 years of consulting experience specializing in assessing and mitigating climate change effects on hydrology, hydraulics, and environmental water management. She has led and contributed to a wide range of projects across Canada, including flood risk studies, watershed management, river restoration, stormwater management (SWM), and environmental assessments.

The rest of the team is also from Onterris, with expertise in water resources, ecology, engineering and climate risk, supporting project delivery, including:

• David Van Vliet, Service Director, Climate Risk and Strategic Services  
• Nicholas Krygsman, Service Director, Eastern Water Resources and Principal Civil/Water Resources Engineer
• Mariëtte Pushkar, Principal Fluvial Geomorphologist  
• Shari Muscat, Service Director, Eastern Ecology  
• Isabelle Filion, Senior Engineer  
• Daron Abbey, Principal Hydrogeologist  
• Fabio Tonto, Senior Engineer 

Who is eligible for coaching?  

Coaching services are available to municipalities that are applying or preparing for Adaptation in Action funding, including:

• Municipalities with approved Adaptation in Action funding (feasibility studies and implementation projects)  
• Applicants that were not selected for funding but remain eligible for support  
• Municipalities that have completed an Adaptation in Action pre-application form and are preparing a full application  
• Municipalities that have completed Climate-Ready Plans and Processes (CRPP) funding and are moving towards implementation, with eligibility for Adaptation in Action funding 

How to access Coaching?

Step 1: Express your interest in coaching  

Municipalities that are applying or preparing for Adaptation in Action funding can express their interest in coaching. To provide insights on your needs and project, you will complete an online form. This form serves a dual purpose: it signals your interest in coaching and helps us understand your project’s specific needs.

Step 2: Co-develop your coaching plan 

Based on the needs identified in your project, FCM staff will collaborate with you to co-create a tailored coaching plan. This personalized learning journey may involve one or more coaches, depending on your specific context and needs. The goal is to ensure that the path forward reflects your priorities and responds to your municipality’s specific needs.

Step 3: Begin your coaching sessions 

Book your coaching sessions at your convenience. Sessions will be conducted virtually, providing flexibility for your team.

Step 4: Implement and succeed 

With the guidance of your coaches, you’ll be better equipped to implement your project successfully, overcoming challenges and achieving your climate adaptation goals. Throughout your coaching experience and at the end of the coaching sessions, we will seek your feedback to ensure the experience is valuable and to help us improve our services for future participants. 

Cost

Completely Free

The Adaptation in Action Coaching Services are provided at no cost to participating municipalities. Our mission is to empower you to take meaningful climate action without financial barriers.