Summary

Homes in Bella Bella, B.C., have historically been heated using expensive, GHG-emitting oil furnaces. The Heiltsuk Nation and partner Ecotrust Canada have been retrofitting the community’s housing with high-efficiency heat pumps to lower emissions, increase comfort and reduce residents’ fuel costs.

Background

The Heiltsuk (Haíłzaqv) First Nation is based in the town of Bella Bella (Wágḷísḷa), on the central coast of British Columbia. This island community has no road links to the rest of the province and goods including fuel must be shipped in. Until recently, more than 300 Bella Bella homes were heated primarily by oil furnaces. Not only do such systems produce high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but they are expensive, inefficient and even dangerous to run, producing unhealthy localized pollution.

In partnership with the nonprofit Ecotrust Canada, the Heiltsuk First Nation completed a pilot project to install high-efficiency ductless (wall-mounted) heat pumps in 37 homes, to replace their oil furnaces. Participants were happy overall with these retrofits: not only did they significantly lower emissions and increase comfort and convenience, but they lowered annual heating costs by more than $1,500 per household. They also had the advantage of adding cooling capabilities, which have become more necessary as the climate warms. However, some residents said that heat distribution from these wall-mounted units was uneven, and the team wondered if there was a better solution.

The challenge

Heating is responsible for more than half of the GHG emissions from Bella Bella’s homes. Switching more households to electric heat pumps was a clear opportunity to bring the community closer to its net-zero ambitions, especially as the town has access to electricity from a nearby dam that has been running below capacity.

With an ultimate goal of retrofitting all the homes in Bella Bella, Ecotrust and the Heiltsuk First Nation wanted to test a different type of electric heat pump system for heating and cooling so that they could assess which option would be the best choice for the rest of the community.

Approach

With financial support from FCM, the team retrofitted 62 homes with ducted central air-source heat pump systems, so that their performance could be compared with the ductless units already installed. They chose variable-speed Samsung heat pumps for their high efficiency.

To help with assessment and analysis and to guide future efficiency improvements, they completed EnerGuide Evaluations on 23 homes.

Since ducted central air-source systems use more electricity than ductless units, the team is also looking at how the increased demand might affect the local hydroelectric facility.

Results

In total, through both initial project phases, 98 homes have been retrofitted with heat pumps. Of these, 93 were previously using oil furnaces and 5 electric.

While data are still being gathered, initial estimates are that the oil-to-heat pump conversions will result in an annual per-home savings of 1,771 L of fuel and 5 tCO2e. For all 93 homes, that could total a reduction of 6,975 tCO2e over the heat pumps’ estimated 15-year lifetime. As for the homes that switched from electric furnaces, one preliminary data point showed a 28 percent reduction in electricity usage over the previous year.

Benefits

Thanks to the heat pump program, residents are experiencing a number of quality of life–related benefits:

• Increased comfort
• The ability to cool their homes in summer
• Fewer localized emissions (fumes)
• Lower heating-related costs

Preliminary results show that the ducted central air-source heat pump trial in particular has greatly improved the quality of both heating and cooling in residences. For example, one elder expressed that they had forgotten what it was like to have a warm home.

Lessons learned

It’s important to prioritize excellent project management to make the process as streamlined as possible, and to do a thorough job in the research phase of selecting equipment and contractors so that quality is as high as possible and everyone involved is invested in achieving good results.

Next steps

The Heiltsuk Nation’s ultimate goal is to transition all homes in the community to high-efficiency electric heat pumps for both heating and cooling. After gathering 12 months of data on performance of the ducted systems, the team and community are moving forward on remaining retrofits, with either ductless or ducted heat pumps as appropriate for each home.

Another goal is to make other energy-efficiency improvements. Air sealing, for instance, was identified as a high-potential upgrade and work is already underway to complete air sealing in homes with the new heat pumps.

In addition, one member of Heiltsuk Nation is training to become a certified Energy Advisor so that they can take the lead on improving efficiency in local and regional housing. This is part of the community’s overall work in climate action, as they work to transition to clean energy sources.

Summary

When designing its new head office building, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) intended to use a closed-loop geothermal system for heating and cooling. But subsequent testing led them to pivot to an open-loop system due to its increased environmental benefits and the opportunity to demonstrate the value of this innovative technology.

Background

The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) has a mandate to care for the natural environment and protect communities and ecosystems from the impact of flooding and other extreme weather events. Its jurisdiction covers 3,467 km2.

TRCA is building a new head office and has been incorporating sustainability into all aspects of the process, with the aim of achieving a zero-carbon design. The intention is for the building to be both a functional space and a demonstration of green and net-zero construction techniques that can inform and inspire others.

Original plans included a closed-loop geothermal system as an energy-efficient way to provide heating and cooling. However, during test drilling, engineers found they could potentially switch to an open-loop geothermal system or an aquifer thermal energy storage system, both of which can be more energy efficient and cost effective than closed-loop systems but are uncommon in Canada. All of these systems use underground pipes to draw heat from the earth in the winter and expel heat from the building in the summer, but in different ways and with different infrastructure needs.

The challenge

While TRCA was prepared to move forward with a closed-loop system, they knew that the discovery of the aquifer presented an opportunity to test the feasibility of the alternatives. The questions were: would an open-loop or aquifer thermal system work for their building? And if so, would it be worth it for them to implement it?

Approach

With financial support from FCM, TRCA decided to do a feasibility study to discover which of the three systems would be the best choice for their site. This included exploratory drilling to answer the following questions:

1. Is there sufficient groundwater under the site?
2. Does the groundwater move slowly enough for interseasonal storage of heating and cooling potential?
3. Is the groundwater chemistry likely to cause scaling or corrosion, which could hinder system performance?

The study also included analysis of the costs, construction-related environmental impact and future energy use of each option.

Results

The study showed that any of the options would work on the TRCA building site. TRCA decided to abandon its plans for closed-loop geothermal in favour of an open-loop system for reasons including:

• Lowest cost, with a savings of approximately 25 percent.
• Lower emissions from installation and 25-year operation, at 77.8 tCO2e.
• Less disruption of the surrounding natural environment, in part due to requiring only four open loop boreholes rather than 44 closed loop boreholes.

Benefits

Given TRCA’s mandate to showcase green building technologies, installing a highly functional yet less common open-loop system is an opportunity to share knowledge and advance uptake of this kind of technology.

Lessons learned

TRCA realized they should have done a hydrogeology study initially upon selection of geothermal heating and cooling, rather than embarking on test drilling with only a closed-loop system in mind. Many costs could have been avoided by considering all potential options when test-drilling.

On a regional level, there could be advantages to understanding the underlying geology of specific regions ahead of time to identify high-potential sites for open-loop or aquifer thermal systems.

Next steps

TRCA has moved forward on design and installation of an open-loop system for its head office site. In order to maximize the longevity of this system, they are planning a monitoring and maintenance program that will help them minimize the impact of common issues such as scaling and clogging.

Summary

Municipalities across the country have launched programs to help homeowners finance energy-efficiency and renewable energy upgrades. In Alberta, Alberta Municipalities (ABmunis) has used a collaborative approach to centralize administration of these programs so communities can streamline processes by working together. Uptake has been high and ABmunis is now aiming to have programs in more than 20 municipalities by the end of 2024.

Background

Improving home energy efficiency and transitioning to renewable energy are key steps in moving Canada toward net-zero. But upfront costs and concerns over recovering the cost of investment when a property is sold can be significant barriers for homeowners seeking to make the necessary retrofits.

GMF's Community Efficiency Financing (CEF) program provides municipalities with funding and tools to implement locally relevant financing to help residents upgrade their homes through several different models, including Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs.

With PACE, property owners can access flexible, long-term financing through their municipality, covering up to 100 percent of project costs. Financing is repaid through an added charge to the participant’s property tax bill. If the property is sold, the new owner can assume repayment of the financing, while enjoying the benefits of the upgrades installed.

The challenge

While many resources such as CEF are available to Canadian municipalities for the net-zero transition, communities often have a tough time accessing and administering them due to resource and capacity constraints.

To help overcome this, the Government of Alberta passed An Act to Enable Clean Energy Improvements in 2018. It allows municipalities to implement local PACE programs, known as the Clean Energy Improvement Program (CEIP). CEIP has a unique delivery model, whereby a designated central administrator—ABmunis—administers the program on behalf of all participating municipalities. This approach enables municipalities of all sizes to participate as ABmunis takes on the bulk of the administrative work.

ABmunis has a deep relationship with municipalities all over Alberta and a history of helping them cooperate on mutually beneficial initiatives. As a result, it made sense for them to become the provincial administrator for CEIP.

Approach

ABmunis and participating municipalities share the responsibilities involved in planning, delivering, and administering local programs. For example, ABmunis supports municipalities through the application process for GMF funding, which is value-added support for smaller municipalities with limited staff. ABmunis also provides technical support through building business cases, sourcing capital, reviewing bylaws, and developing program materials. Once a local program launches, ABmunis leads program implementation, including technical application review, customer service and contractor management, while municipalities manage the recording of the approved financing amount on the property tax account and processing the repayments over time.

Once a program is in place and capital is secured, homeowners can apply for financing. When an application is approved, the homeowner signs a financing agreement with their municipality and moves forward with the project. ABmunis verifies completion and pays contractors directly using municipal funds, and homeowners repay the financing over time through a charge incorporated into their property tax bill.

Eligible types of projects include:

• doors, windows, insulation, and air sealing
• heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
• lighting controls and fixtures
• renewable energy
• water heating

In addition to administering the program, ABmunis builds relationships between municipalities. By cooperating on CEIP, participating municipalities convene, connect, share resources, and learn from one another.

Results

To date, CEF has supported CEIP programs in 11 Alberta communities, ranging in size from Devon (population 6,454) to Calgary (population 1.3 million). More are working to pass applicable bylaws. (ABmunis has a list of municipalities that have active programs or are in the program development stage). Demand is high, and programs often fill up ahead of schedule.

Some program achievements as of October 10, 2023, include:

• 27 municipal PACE/CEIP bylaws passed in Alberta.
• 12 residential and 1 commercial PACE programs in the market, 5 of which are in their second year.
• 541 active projects.
• 65 completed projects with a total GHG savings of 240 tCO2e/yr and annual renewable energy generation of 328,611 kWh/yr.
• Approximately $25M in financing committed (for active and completed projects).

Benefits

In addition to supporting the transition to net-zero, CEIP offers additional benefits for homeowners. Energy efficiency and renewable energy upgrades make homes more comfortable, enhance property values and reduce utility bills. For example, replacing furnaces with heat pumps means many households will gain access to cooling, making homes more resilient as the climate changes.

CEIP’s centralized delivery model has led to more municipalities collaborating, which has saved a lot of time and resources even for bigger cities. This approach has enabled a lot of cooperation and efficiency, as municipalities can leverage existing assets such as application infrastructure and templates. 

Lessons learned

Regional collaboration between a central administrator and multiple municipalities is an effective and efficient way to run PACE programs and scale uptake. One success factor for the approach used in Alberta has been ensuring that roles and responsibilities for all parties are clear at the outset, which includes consulting all municipal departments involved in delivery, including finance and tax teams. This can be done by establishing an internal working group.

There has been tremendous uptake for CEIP in participating communities, which has created some challenges for ABmunis and the municipalities in terms of managing demand. For example, when the initial wave of programs launched, the allocation of funds for the first year were in some cases committed within 24 hours. Newer programs have addressed this challenge by increasing the amount of financing available, having multiple intake dates throughout the year, and maintaining a waiting list of interested homeowners.

Next steps

Demand for CEIP remains strong as the number of interested municipalities continues to grow. ABmunis aims to have more than 20 residential programs in the market by the end of 2024.

While the growth in PACE across Canada has been focused on residential properties, helping commercial property owners retrofit their buildings is also top of mind. In 2022, the City of Edmonton and ABmunis partnered to launch Canada’s only active commercial PACE program, and ABmunis intends to have five commercial PACE programs in the market by the end of 2025.

As a result of the unique delivery model and impressive results over the past two years, ABmunis was recognized with a 2024 Canada’s Clean50 Tomap Project Award for the Clean Energy Improvement Program.